Standardization of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)term translation is the focus of TCM translation studies. Based on the Skopos theory and our interviews to 6 internationals, this paper aims to explore the purposes and principles of TCM term translation from the perspective of the client, the translator and the addressee. Finally, four fundamental principles of TCM term translation are summarized in order to provide references for the standardization of TCM term translation.

Objective This paper addresses the standardization of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) nomenclature translation and put forward suggestions through a comparative study on English translations of TCM terms for liver and gallbladder diseases.Method With the principle of standardization, the principle of correspondence, the principle of readability and the principle of nationalism as the possible criteria, translations of 8 TCM terms available in 7 publications at home and abroad are compared and analyzed.Results 5 of the 8 terms have at least two English versions. The principle of standardization and the principle of readability are violated more frequently than the other two.Conclusion The standardization of TCM nomenclature is progressing steadily.However, efforts are still necessary for translators to improve English language proficiency. The principle of standardization and the principle of readability need to be further enhanced.

China ; Food ; Food Contamination ; prevention & control ; Food Inspection ; methods ; Plants ; chemistry

Adult ; Ergonomics ; Hand Strength ; Humans ; Young Adult

Objective To calculate the chest volume for an evaluation of lung development ,the degree of thorax narrowing and pectus excavatum deformity by the surface measurements .Methods Ninety normal Sprague Dawley (4 weeks) rats were ran‐domly divided into experimental and control groups .Experimental group had 70 rats and control group had 20 rats .Cutting off the lower three cartilage from parasternal of rats to produce Pectus excavatum model in experimental groups .We measured many chest radial lines before surgery ,2 ,4 ,8 and 12 weeks after surgery respectively ,then made comparison between parallel group .Thoracic volume size was calculated by a mathematical formula ,Archimedes measurement and the CT three dimensional reconstruction ,and the t test and linear regression were analyzed by SPSS17 .0 .Results this experiment used multiple radial lines to get measurement results ,and through mathematical calculations ,Archimedes measurement and CT reconstruction ,we found there were significant differences between the experimental group and the control group (P<0 .05) .Conclusion It is practicable of surface measurement to calculate chest volume .This method could replace the CT examination to evaluate the change of the chest volume along the process of pectus excavatum formation .

OBJECTIVETo study the influence of Qilong capsule (QLC) on the hemoreology in acute stress blood stasis model rats.

METHODThe model of acute stress blood stasis rats were induced by putting the rats into ice-water between hyodermic epinephrine twice of 1 mg x kg(-1). With the models, the effect of QLC on hemoreology such as whole blood viscosity, whole blood reduction viscosity, plasma viscosity, haematocrit (Hct), erythrocyte deformation and erythrocyte aggregation were observed.

RESULTQLC 0.6, 0.3, 0.15 g x kg(-1) could significantly reduce the increase of whole blood viscosity at high-middle-low shear rate, reduce the whole blood reduction viscosity at middle-low shear rate, reduce Hct and erythrocyte aggregation, and increase the erythrocyte deformation in acute stress blood stasis rats (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, compared with vehicle). QLC 0.6, 0.3 g x kg(-1) could also reduce plasma viscosity (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, compared with vehicle).

CONCLUSIONQLC can significantly improve some indexes of hemoreology in acute stress blood stasis rats.

Animals ; Astragalus membranaceus ; chemistry ; Blood Viscosity ; drug effects ; Capsules ; Drug Combinations ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Erythrocyte Aggregation ; drug effects ; Erythrocyte Deformability ; drug effects ; Hemorheology ; drug effects ; Hemostasis ; drug effects ; Male ; Materia Medica ; administration & dosage ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Oligochaeta ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Salvia miltiorrhiza ; chemistry ; Stress, Physiological ; physiopathology

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the therapeutic effect on pain in the dressing change after perianal abscess surgery treated with warm suspending moxibustion at Changqiang (GV 1).

METHODSOne hundred and sixty patients were randomized into a moxibustion group and a far-infrared therapy group, 80 cases in each one. In the moxibustion group, the warm suspending moxibustion at Changqiang (GV 1) was applied. In the far-infrared therapy group, the infrared ray was radiated at Changqiang (GV 1). The treatment started in 10 min after dressing change in the two groups. Totally, 8 treatments were required. The time requirement being equal to or less than 2 score in the assessment face scale (AFS), the case number of pain relief in 10 min after treatment and the intention of the two therapies after everyday dressing change were observed in the patients of the two groups.

RESULTSIn the moxibustion group, the time of pain relief was shorter than that of the far-infrared therapy group [(11.5 +/- 3.9) min vs (17.8 +/- 3.8) min on the 1st day; (9.4 +/- 3.6) min vs (15.2 +/- 4.3) min on the 2nd day; (7.8 +/- 2.7) min vs (14.3 +/- 3.2) min on the 3rd day; (6.4 +/- 3.3) min vs (10.5 +/- 2.9) min on the 4th day; (5.9 +/- 2.9) min vs (11.2 +/- 1.9) min on the 5th day; (5.3 +/- 2.2) min vs (8.8 +/- 2.3) min on the 6th day; (5.4 +/- 1.8) min vs (9.2 +/- 2.1) min on the 7th day; (5.1 +/- 1.4) min vs (9.5 +/- 2.6) min on the 8th day, all P < 0.05]. The case numbers of pain relief in 10 min after treatment were 74 cases, 75 cases, 77 cases and 78 cases from the 1st to the 4th day separately in the moxibustion group, which were much more than 63 cases, 65 cases, 68 cases and 69 cases in the far-infrared therapy group (all P < 0.05). The treatment intention scores in the moxibustion group were better than those in the far-infrared therapy group (all P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe warm suspending moxibustion at Changqiang (GV 1) relieves pain rapidly in the dressing change of much more patients after perianal abscess surgery in much shorter time as compared with the far-infrared therapy. Moreover, the patients have more expectation to be treated with moxibustion therapy.

Abscess ; surgery ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Anus Diseases ; surgery ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Moxibustion ; Pain, Postoperative ; therapy ; Young Adult

Objective Cytomegalovirus (CMV) has remained the most significant pathogen that threatens the outcome of small bowel transplantation (SBTx). This paper To outline preliminary experience of prophylaxis and treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) in 15 cases subject to small bowel transplantation (SBTx) and also review current progress of diagnosis and treatment of CMV.Methods Fifteen cases of SBTx were divided into 3 eras: era Ⅰ (1994-1995)-3 SBTx treated with cyclosporine-based immunosuppression; era Ⅱ (2003-2006)-7 SBTx treated with tacrolimus-based immunosuppression; and era Ⅲ (2007-present)-5 SBTx treated with Alemtuzumab induction therapy and maintenance tacrolimus monotherapy. No antiviral prophylaxis after SBTx was applied during era Ⅰ; in era Ⅱ, ileoscopic and pathological diagnosis of CMV graft enteritis was defined, and plasma diagnosis tools including CMV-IgM, CMV pp65 and CMV DNA with PCR were introduced. 2-3 weeks intravenous ganciclovir prophylaxis of CMV was underway, followed by 3 months oral acyclovir; In era Ⅲ, more precise real-time PCR technique was used to detect CMV DNA copies, and the schedule of the CMV surveillance was set up, antiviral prophylaxis therapy was modified to 2-3 weeks intravenous ganciclovir and 3 months oral ganciclovir, and preemptive therapy to halt the progression of asymptomatic infection to clinical disease was also introduced.Results Two of 15 SBTx recipients suffered from CMV with the occurrence rate of 13.3%. One recipient in era Ⅱ suffered from CMV graft enteritis on postoperative day 45, and CMV pneumonia on postoperative day 64, he received intravenous ganciclovir and thymus peptide, paused tacrolimus maintenance, and finally he died from severe acute cellular rejection. 94 100 copies/ml of CMV DNA in periphery blood of a recipient in era Ⅲ was detected with real-time PCR at 3rd month after SBTx, and a preemptive therapy successfully halted the CMV infection.Conclusion Antiviral prophylaxis therapy and close surveillance of CMV infection after SBTx should be performed, and preemptive therapy can also halt the CMV infection. When CMV disease occurs, the recipient should receive effective antiviral therapy, and acute cellular rejection also should be closely monitored at same time.

Objective To establish two models of long-term chronic allograft rejection (CR)following orthotopic small bowel transplantation and compare the two models induced by cyclosporine A (CsA) or tacrolimus (Tac).Methods F344 and Lewis rats severed as donors and recipients,respectively.Transplantation was performed by anastomosing the graft superior mesenteric artery to the recipient infrarenal aorta and the graft portal vein to the recipient infrarenal inferior vena cava in an end-to side fashion.The recipients intestine was replaced with the graft by performing end-to-end small bowel anastomosis.In the study I,the rat was given intramuscularly CsA (5 mg · kg-1 · day-1) from postoperative day (POD) 0 to 13; In the study Ⅱ,the rat was given intramuscularly FK 506 at a dose of 0.3,0.5 and 1.0 mg· kg-1 · day-1 on POD 0-13,20,27,respectively.The body weight gain,survival rate and histology were observed.Results In the study I,there were significant changes of the CR histologically,including villous architecture,interstitial fibrosis,leukocyte infiltration,and obliterative arteriopathy.There was no significant difference in features of CR between POD 60 and POD 90,however,the serious villous blunting was not found; In the study II,the rats received Tac at dose of 0.3 and 0.5 mg·kg-1 ·day-1 and survived up to POD 126.The recipients received Tac at dose of 1.0 mg·kg-1 · day-1 and survived more than POD 180 and the body weight gain was the same as the isogenic groups.The histopathological analysis revealed distinctive features of CR including villous blunting.The characteristics of CR induced by CsA or Tac in the rat model of orthotopic small bowel transplantation could be demonstrated,however,the Tac-induced model was more closer to clinical small bowel transplantation pathology of CR.Conclusion Using the protocol of CsA or Tac,we developed a rat CR model of orthotopic small bowel transplantation,however,the Tac-induced recipients survived longer and had more classic characteristics of CR than CsA.

Objective To investigate the stimulative effects of CollagenⅠon the increased adhesion of rabbit bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs), cytoskeleton actin organization and intracellular free Ca~(2+) concentration. Methods The third generation BMSCs isolated from mature rabbits were cultured at different initial concentrations on cover-slice coated by collagenⅠin RPMI1640 containing 10% fetal calf serum, and cultured on the same kind of cover-slice untreated with collagenⅠas control. The cells adhesive behavior at different times was assessed. Cellular actin organization was described as either typeⅠor typeⅡcells. In general, typeⅠcells are round and represent a preliminary stage of actin assembly, while typeⅡcells are elongated with organized actin fiber network. At the same time intracellular free Ca~(2+) concentration was measured by using calcium fluorescent probe Fluo-3/AM and laser confocal microscope. Results We found more typeⅡcells in BMSCs cultured with collagen typeⅠsix hours after culture than in the control group. At 12 hours 89% of the BMSCs were typeⅡcells, while only 55% were typeⅡcells in the control group. This indicated active cellular actin organization after being modified by collagen typeⅠ. We also found that the BMSCs cultured with collagen typeⅠincreased intracellular free Ca~(2+) concentration in monolayer culture. Conclusions CollagenⅠis effective in promoting the cellular adhesion, which suggests that a kind of internal relationship or cross-talk may exist between cellular actin organization, intracellular free Ca~(2+) concentration and cell adhesion. Further study, however, is needed.