The accurate medical treatment is based on the information of the genome, which is the best treatment for the patients. Population pharmacokinetic study can be formulated according to the individual differences of patients to the dose, in the accurate medical model which has a unique advantage. At present, there are many problems such as adverse drug reaction in Chinese traditional medicine, and it is necessary to introduce a group of medicine on the basis of precise medical treatment. However, due to the different characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine and chemical medicine, it is necessary to combine the population pharmacokinetics, genetics and statistical methods to establish a research method which is in line with the characteristics of Chinese medicine. The key scientific problem is to make clear the active components of Chinese medicine metabolism of the drug metabolic enzyme gene, and pay attention to the analysis of the polymorphism of the overall role of drug metabolism enzymes in the human body. Clear key scientific issues and break through the bottleneck, so as to achieve the precise medical treatment, to international.
Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Pharmacokinetics

OBJECTIVE:To provide suggestions for the improvement of curriculum system of Pharmacy Administration(Ph.A).METHODS:The basic information was collected by searching official website and the websites of universities and colleges,and the detailed data were collected through questionnaire survey.RESULTS:In the 111 universities and colleges investigated,a total of 51 curriculums(or 399 courses) related to Ph.A were set up.The main curriculums are pharmacy administration(210 courses),pharmaceutical marketing(61 courses),pharmacy laws and regulations(26 courses).In different universities and colleges,the credit hours,semester and property of Ph.A curriculums are different.CONCLUSIONS:The system of Ph.A curriculums has become more and more comprehensive,and the setup of each course suits the need of social needs.But the setup of curriculums of Ph.A in each university or college was far from systematical,and its structure remained to be optimized,and the structure of the teaching materials of Ph.A should be strengthened.

OBJECTIVE: To provide suggestion for the construction of teaching staff and the improvement of the discipline of Pharmacy Administration(Ph.A).METHODS: The basic information was collected by searching official website and the websites of universities and colleges etc,and a questionnaire survey was conducted among pharmacy univeristies or colleges by means of telephone interview or on-the-spot interview etc.RESULTS: A total of 108 pharmacy univeristies or colleges sent back the effective questionnaires.There were a total of 276 Ph.A teachers,including 142 male and 134 female;145 were full-time Ph.A and 131 were part-time teachers.There were only part-time teachers in 63 universities / colleges,of whom,91 were from other teaching or research department of the discipline of pharmacy,24 from party or government administration of school,9 from hospitals,4 from pharmaceutical manufacturing enterprises,and 3 from drug administration department.CONCLUSION: The resources of Ph.A teachers are various,and the access qualification is quite low.It isadvisable to strengthen the building of Ph.A faculty and improve the whole level of Ph.A teachers.

The diversity in Tibetan kefir grains and dynamics of the microbial community during the fermentation of Tibetan kefir by PCR-DGGE fingerprinting technique were studied.The results showed that bacterial community of Tibetan kefir grains was more complex than that of yeast.The bacteria communities between different Tibetan kefir grains showed 78%～84% similarity, and yeast 80%～92%.Bands B, E and N of DGGE profiles of the microbial community during fermentation of Tibetan kefir were present throughout the fermentation.Analysis of sequence date showed the majority of the DGGE bands of bacteria community corresponded to LAB, and the most intense band (band E) was completely homology to Lactococcus lactis.

Objective To establish a desirable quantitative assay system to evaluate the correlation between surgical manipulation and micrometastasis in primary esophageal cancer patients.Methods 118 pe- ripheral blood samples from 40 esophageal cancer patients undergoing radical resection were collected before surgery(B-1),immediately after surgery(B0)and at the third day postoperatively(B+3).Based on real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR,carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA)mRNA gene was used in the detec- tion.12 patients with benign tumor and 13 healthy volunteers were collected as negative control groups.Re- sults The median of CEA mRNA copies at B-1,B0 and B+3 were 1592,13 314 and 6221 copies/ml blood, respectively.CEA mRNA expression levels were found to be significantly higher at both B0 and B+3 than that of B-1(P=0.0001 and 0.0209,respectively).No significant difference was found between B0 and B+3(P= 0.4396).Conclusion Surgical manipulation on esophageal cancer patients increases the probability of mi- crometastasis.Therefore,adjuvant therapy is needed during perioperative stage.

Objective To investigate the effect of a newly developed photosensitizer—chlorophyll derivative combined with irradiation of 650 nm laser for PC3, an androgen independent cell line in vitro. Methods PC3 was cultured and designed to 4 groups,including blank control,laser irradiation,medication of photosensitizer and medication of photosensitizer with laser irradiation (treated).The medicated concentration of chlorophyll was 0.1 g/L and irradation fluence of 650 nm semiconductor laser was 6 J/cm2.Intracellular distribution of photosensitizer and cellular morphological alterations were studied through light microscopy, electron microscopy and laser confocal microscopy. Results It showed the shrinkage, round-up and membrane integrity of treated PC3 under light microscopy.Sable deposits were observed in cytoplasm of cells in both photosensitizer and treated groups.Transmission electron microscopy showed the fragmentation of DNA and condensation of chromatin beneath the karyolemma in treated cells.In cytoplasm,the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria swell to form vesicles and vacuoles.It showed the strong red fluorescence in the cytoplasm of treat cells compared with the red fluorescence indifferent to the background through laser confocal microscopy. Conclusions Chlorophyll derivative based photodynamic therapy is able to induce apoptosis of PC3 in vitro.Mitochondria is presumed to be the primary target of photodynamic therapy and trigger the apoptotic pathway.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Female ; Humans ; Immunophenotyping ; Leukocyte Common Antigens ; immunology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma ; immunology ; Young Adult

Objective To investigate whether or not extracorporeal shock wave (ESW) treatment is safe for treating low back pain caused by lumbar facet joint degeneration by observing its effects on the lumbar segment of the spinal cord.Methods Five adult dogs were used for this study.ESWs were focused on their right L_(4～5) facet joints. The energy output was set at 40% of the maximum output,and a total of 1000 shocks were delivered at a frequency of 120/min.Before and 3 days after the treatment,the somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) induced by stimulating the tibial nerve were recorded from the animals' scalps,and the motor function of their hind limbs was evaluated with Tarlov's scale.The animals were then sacrificed and the L_(4～5) segments of their spinal cords were taken for histopatho- logical observation,with the T_(12) segments taken as controls.Results Three days after ESW treatment,the left and the right hind limbs scored 5 and 4 on the Tarlov scale.The amplitude of SEPs decreased and their latency increased. Histopathological observation showed mild swelling of the L_(4～5) segment of the spinal cord with congested veins on the surface.Erythrocyte and leukocyte exudation as well as myelin sheath swelling in the spinal cord were also observed un- der the microscope,but with no demyelination.Conclusion ESW had some adverse effects on the spinal cord when focused on the facet joint.Further studies of the safety range of ESW energy and distance are needed.

Abstract: Suxamethonium chloride is a depolarizing muscle relaxant used in general anesthesia. In overdose, it causes adverse reactions such as bradycardia, arrhythmia, cardiac arrest, and death. The article reviews the progress on testing methods of suxamethonium chloride such as infrared spectroscopy, chemical color reaction, chemical titration, enzyme electrode, chromatography and mass spectrometry.
Anesthesia, General ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac/chemically induced* ; Biosensing Techniques ; Bradycardia/chemically induced* ; Chromatography ; Drug Overdose ; Heart Arrest/chemically induced* ; Humans ; Mass Spectrometry ; Neuromuscular Depolarizing Agents/analysis* ; Spectrophotometry, Infrared ; Succinylcholine/analysis*

13C metabolic flux analysis(13CMFA)have been the research hotspots of metabolic engineering internationally due to its accuracy and applicability.It is vital that the measurement of 13C labelling pattern of proteinogenic amino acids for 13C metabolic flux analysis.To acquire 13C-labelling proteinogenic amino acids,Pseudomonas denitrifican which products Vitamin B12 was firstly fed with mimimal culture medium contained 20% U-13C and 80% natural glucose,after the culture reached a steady state,then about 20 mg biomass was hydrolyzed by 1 ml of 6 mol/L hydrochloric acid for 24h at 110℃.Then amino acids was separated,concentrated,evaporated in a vacuum,and derivatized with MBDSTFA,TBDMS-derivatized amino acids can be observed by GC-MS last we get 13C labelling pattern of fifteen aminio acids through mass spectrum.The experimental methods and sample preparation offers referential value for the development of 13C metabolic flux analysis in our courtry.