Patrinia villosa, regarding its functions in clearing heat and detoxification and eliminating carbuncles and pus, is widely used as a traditional medicinal herb that contains rich nutrition and substances such as various amino acids, vitamins, and soluble su-gar, and it is also an edible wild herb in Chinese folk tradition for 2 000 years. In 1973, Japanese scholars firstly separated three iridoids from Japanese P. villosa, and by 2021, chemical components such as flavonoids, iridoids, organic acids, triterpenoids, phenylpropanoids, and steroids have been found, which have multiple pharmacological effects, including antioxidant, antitumor, anti-diarrhea, antibacterial, sedative, and liver protection capabilities. Studies indicate that flavonoids, saponins, phenylpropanoids, and triterpenoids in P. villosa are vital substances for its pharmacological activities. However, the quality of this medicinal material cannot be controlled due to the unclear records in ancient books in the past dynasties and different drug use habits in different places, and thus its circulation is chaotic. At present, researchers have used flavonoids, organic acids, phenylpropanoids, triterpenoid saponins, and other compounds to conduct studies in this regard. Therefore, on the basis of the existing literature resources, we comprehensively summarize the chemical constituents, pharmacological activities, and quality control of P. villosa to further provide a reference for the safety and effectiveness of clinical drug use and lay a foundation for the follow-up experimental research.
Patrinia/chemistry* ; Flavonoids/pharmacology* ; Saponins ; Triterpenes/pharmacology* ; Iridoids ; Quality Control

Aim To study the therapeutic effect of 35% and 70% ethanol elution sites of Gardeniae Fructus extract on 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)/ethanol induced ulcerative colitis (UC) in rats, and to identify the chemical composition of the active elution site using mass spectrometry. Methods The UC model induced by TNBS was used in rats, and the different eluted parts were administered by gavage at a dose of 2. lg/kg for 7 days. Body weight measurement , disease activity index (DAI) score, and pathological score of colon tissues were compared. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) , superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde ( MDA ) , nitric oxide ( NO ) , tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) , interleukin in mouse colon tissue -6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 (3 (IL-ip) levels were compared among groups. Liquid-mass spectrometry was used to identify the chemical components of the parts with better efficacy. Results Compared with model group, the weight loss in 35% elution site group was significantly improved, the DAI and histopathology scores were markedly reduced, and the contents of MPO, NO, MDA, TNF-a, IL-6 and IL-1(3 in tissues were apparently reduced. SOD content increased significantly (P <0. 01). A total of 19 chemical components were identified by LC-MS, 11 of which were iri- doids. Conclusions The 35% elution site of Gardeni- a has obvious therapeutic effect on UC rats, and the iridoid component may be the material basis for its function.

BACKGROUND: There are an increasing number of patients with oral sensory complaints (OSCs) presenting to our dental clinic. For most dentists, it is difficult to distinguish burning mouth syndrome (BMS) from other oral mucosal diseases that may cause symptoms such as burning mouth. It is beneficial to effectively distinguish OSC patients to reduce misdiagnosis and eliminate burning symptoms as much as possible. METHODS: Patients with oral burning sensations in the oral mucosal disease clinic were collected from the Peking University Hospital of Stomatology between September 1, 2014 and December 31, 2018. After excluding oral candidiasis, anemic stomatitis, dental material allergy, and other diseases from patients with oral sensory complaints, basic conditions such as gender, age, education level, job status, hyperglycemia, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, history of brain abnormalities, history of cervical spondylitis, history of thyroid disease, history of thyroid disease and insomnia were obtained. The BMS patients were compared with the control group. The t test and Chi-square test were used for statistical analysis to compare the clinical symptoms of these diseases and explore the risk factors for BMS. RESULTS: In this case-control study, 395 patients (321 females and 74 males, mean age 55.26 ± 10.51 years) with oral sensory complaints and 391 healthy controls (281 females and 110 males, mean age 47.11 ± 13.10 years) were enrolled, among which, 8.4% (33/395) had oral candidiasis, 1.3% (5/395) had dental material allergy, 0.8% (3/395) had anemic stomatitis and 0.5% (2/395) had lichen planus. A total of 352 patients were eventually diagnosed with BMS. Anxiety and depression were more severe in BMS patients, as were the incidences of sleep disorders and brain abnormalities. Logistic regression analysis showed that age (odds ratio [OR] = 2.79, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.61-4.83, P < 0.001), total cholesterol level (OR = 2.92, 95% CI: 1.32-6.50, P = 0.009) and anxiety score (OR = 1.75, 95% CI: 1.01-2.77, P = 0.017) significantly increased the incidence of BMS. Patients with hyperglycemia (OR = 0.46, 95% CI: 0.23-0.89, P = 0.022), low body mass index (BMI: OR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.34-0.93, P = 0.026) and low education level (OR = 3.43, 95% CI: 1.91-6.15, P < 0.001) were more likely to suffer from BMS. CONCLUSIONS Oral candidiasis, anemic stomatitis, and dental material allergy with burning symptoms should be excluded from patients with BMS. It is recommended to conduct a questionnaire survey (including anxiety and depression), blood cell analysis, and salivary fungus culture for all patients with an oral burning sensation. It is necessary to conduct a patch test on patients with oral burning sensations and metal restorations.
Adult ; Aged ; Anxiety ; Anxiety Disorders ; Burning Mouth Syndrome ; Case-Control Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Objective To conduct bibliometric analysis of the relevant literature in the environmental field published from 1982 to 2018 collected by the Web of Science citation database and further explore the frontier research dynamics and hotspots in the environmental field. Methods The word "oil spill*" was used as the subject term for retrieval. A knowledge map of hotspots in oil spill research was built through software VOSviewer and the clustering relations between them were explored. The frequency and relevance of the keywords in the corresponding literature were obtained by the matrix of keywords built through the Thomson Data Analyzer （TDA） software. Results The four main research hotspots of marine oil spill pollution were oil spill numerical simulation and model prediction, oil spill exposure toxicity and risk assessment, oil spill component and source analysis and oil spill pollution characteristics and treatment. Conclusion The study analyzes the main content of the four research hotspots and the current research progress and provides scientific basis for further understanding of the mechanism of marine oil spill occurrence, migration and transformation, implementation of oil spill treatment and repair as well as more accurate assessment of eco-environment damage.
Accidents ; Bibliometrics ; Petroleum Pollution/adverse effects* ; Risk Assessment ; Software

This study aimed to observe the general state and changes in pathophysiological indexes of multiple cerebral infarction rat model with Qi-deficienty and Blood-stasis syndrome. Rats were randomly divided into 4 groups(with 30 in each group): the normal group, the sham group, the model group and the Yiqi Huoxue recipe group. Rats in the model group and Yiqi Huoxue group were provided with interruptable sleep deprivation for 7 days before the multiple cerebral infarction operation, and followed by another 4 weeks of sleep deprivation; rats in the Yiqi Huoxue group were intragastrically administrated with drug at a dose of 26 g·kg⁻¹, once a day for 4 weeks. The general state was observed, and the pathophysiological indexes were measured at 48 h, 2 weeks and 4 weeks after administration. The results showed that rats in the normal group and the sham group represented a good general state and behaviors, with a normal morphological structure of brain tissues; rats in the model group featured yellow fur, depression, accidie, loose stools and movement disorder, with obvious brain histomorphological damage, which became aggravated with the increase of modeling time; rats in the Yiqi Huoxue group showed release in the general state and above indexes. Compared with the sham group at three time points, rats in the model group showed decrease in body weight, exhaustive swimming time and RGB value of tongue surface image, and increase in whole blood viscosity of the shear rate under 5, 60 and 150 S⁻¹, reduction in cerebral cortex Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase, Ca²⁺-ATPase activity and contents of 5-HT, rise in TXB2 levels and decline in 6-keto-PGF1a in serum(<0.05, <0.01). Compared with the model group, rats in the Yiqi Huoxue group showed alleviations in the above indexes at 2 w and 4 w(<0.05, <0.01). The results showed that the characterization and pathophysiological indexes in the multiple cerebral infarction rat model with Qi-deficiency and blood-stasis syndrome were deteriorated; Yiqi Huoxue recipe could significantly alliviate the abnormal conditions, which suggested of the model was stable and reliable and the pathophysiologic evolutionary mechanism might be related to energy metabolism dysfunction, vasoactive substance abnormality and changes in neurotransmitters.
Animals ; Calcium-Transporting ATPases ; metabolism ; Cerebral Infarction ; physiopathology ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Energy Metabolism ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Qi ; Rats ; Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase ; metabolism

Chronic heart failure (CHF), a clinical syndrome resulting from the consequences of various cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), is increasingly becoming a global cause of morbidity and mortality. We had earlier demonstrated that a 4-day forest bathing trip can provide an adjunctive therapeutic influence on patients with CHF. To further investigate the duration of the impact and the optimal frequency of forest bathing trips in patients with CHF, we recruited those subjects who had experienced the first forest bathing trip again after 4 weeks and randomly categorized them into two groups, namely, the urban control group (city) and the forest bathing group (forest). After a second 4-day forest bathing trip, we observed a steady decline in the brain natriuretic peptide levels, a biomarker of heart failure, and an attenuated inflammatory response as well as oxidative stress. Thus, this exploratory study demonstrated the additive benefits of twice forest bathing trips in elderly patients with CHF, which could further pave the way for analyzing the effects of such interventions in CVDs.
Aged ; Chronic Disease ; Complementary Therapies ; methods ; Forests ; Heart Failure ; blood ; drug therapy ; therapy ; Heart Function Tests ; Humans ; Interleukin-6 ; blood ; Natriuretic Peptide, Brain ; blood ; Oxidative Stress ; Recreation ; Treatment Outcome ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; blood

Objective To investigate the role of mitochondrial calcium uptake 1 (MICUI) in myocardial hypertrophy of mice and underlying mechanism.Methods The model of myocardial hypertrophy was established via incubation of mouse cardiac myocytes (MCM) with 300nmol/L angiotensin Ⅱ (Ang Ⅱ) for 48 hours in vitro.After that,MICU1 specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) was delivered to knockdown MICU1 levels in MCM.On the other hand,adenovirus-mediated over-expression of MICU 1 was transfected into MCM.Accordingly,the expressions of ANP and BNP in myocardial cells were measured by qRT-PCR.Mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP contents were detected byJC-1 assay kit and ATP assay kit,respectively.Then,Western blotting and qRT-PCR were used to detect the levels of MICU1 in myocardial cells.The mitochondrial Ca2+ contents were measured via atomic absorption flame spectroscopy.The size of myocardial cells was determined by α-actinin staining.Results Mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP contents in hypertrophic cardiomyocytes induced by Ang Ⅱ were both decreased.Meanwhile,myocardial hypertrophy significantly increased mitochondrial Ca2+ contents but decreased MICU1 levels.With the method of genetic intervention,we found that MICUI deficiency exacerbated mitochondrial Ca2+ overload,increased cell surface and elevated the expression of BNP.Conversely,the overexpression of MICU1 obviously decreased mitochondrial Ca2+ overload,cell surface of MCM and expressions of ANP and BNP.Conclusion MICU1 alleviates Ang Ⅱ-induced myocardial hypertrophy via inhibiting mitochondrial Ca2+ overload.

OBJECTIVETo explore the effect and mechanism of norcantharidin (NCTD) on hematopoiesis function in leucopenia model rat induced by cyclophosphamide (CTX).

METHODSLeucopenia model was replicated in SD rat with cyclophosphamide(CTX) and model animal was treated with NCTD. Peripheral blood and bone marrow tissue samples were collected from the rats in each experimental group. Peripheral white blood cells (WBC) were counted and analyzed by automatic blood cell analyzer. Histopathologic changes of the biopsied bone marrow tissues were observed by histopathological techniques. The cell cycle and apoptosis rate of bone marrow cells were detected by flow cytometry. Immunohistochemical method was applied to observe the expression of apoptosis-related proteins BCL-2 and BAX in bone marrow.

RESULTSAfter NCTD treatment in model rats, the WBC count of peripheral blood obviously increased, the cell structure of bone tissue significantly recovered, NCTD could promote the cell proliferation and cycle changes of bone marrow cells, inhibit the bone marrow cell apoptosis and necrosis induced with CTX, up-regulate the expression of apoptosis-related protein BCL-2 and downregulated the BAX.

CONCLUSIONNCTD can stimulate the bone marrow hematopoiesis and promote recovery of peripheral white blood cell level in the leukopenia model induced by CTX, and its mechanism may be related with NCTD regulating bone marrow cell cycle and with NCTD inhibiting cell apoptosis.

Animals ; Apoptosis ; Bone Marrow ; Bone Marrow Cells ; Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic ; Cell Cycle ; Cell Proliferation ; Cyclophosphamide ; Disease Models, Animal ; Flow Cytometry ; Hematologic Diseases ; Hematopoiesis ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

OBJECTIVETo observe the effects of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS) combined with general anesthesia or controlled hypotension on hippocampal neuronal damage and the inflammatory response in peripheral circulation and central nervous system (CNS) after surgery, and to investigate its brain protection mechanism.

METHODSEighteen healthy male beagles aged 6 - 8 months were randomly divided into a general anesthesia group (group G), a controlled hypotension group (group C) and a compound anesthesia acupuncture group (group A), 6 cases in each group. Dogs in group G was anesthetized by isoflurane inhalation, and group C was combined with intravenous infusion of sodium nitroprusside based on isoflurane inhalation to induce hypotension, and followed surgery after achieving the target blood pressure, and group A was combined with TEAS at "Quchi" (LI 11), "Hegu" (LI 4) "Zu sanli" (ST 36) and "Sanyinjiao" (SP 6) based on controlled hypotension, and then brain tissue was taken out on the 72 h after mean arterial pressure (MAP) was returned to baseline levels. The concentration of IL-1beta,TNF-alpha in serum at different time points were detected by ELISA. The expression of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, Bcl-2, Bax and cleaved caspase-3 were measured by immunohistochemistry, and the apoptosis of hippocampus were detected by TUNEL.

RESULTS(1) At different time points, the concentration of TNFalpha showed the trend of increase first and then decrease, while IL-1beta concentration represented a trend of decrease first and then increase in both group C and group A, but there were no significant differences in cytokine expression between the two groups (all P > 0.05). (2) The ratio of positive cells of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and caspase-3 in CA1 and CA3 of hippocampus in both group C and A were higher than those in group G (all P < 0.01), and cytokines expression in group A were lower than those in group C (all P < 0.01), and caspase-3 in CA1 in group A was lower than that in group C (P < 0.01). The ratio of Bcl-2/Bax in both group C and A were lower than that in group G (all P < 0.01), and that in group A was higher than that in group C (P < 0.01 in CA1, P < 0.05 in CA3). (3) The apoptosis index (AI) of hippocampal neurons in both group C and A was significantly higher than that in group G (P < 0.01), while AI in CA1 in group A was lower than that in group C (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONThe TEAS can regulate the expression of inflammatory factor in hippocampus in animals undergoing general anesthesia or con trolled hypotension surgery, further improving Bcl-2/Bax ratio, inhibiting the expression of caspase-3 and reducing neuron apoptosis in hippocampus so as to play a neuroprotection.

Acupuncture Analgesia ; Acupuncture Points ; Anesthesia, General ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; Dogs ; Hippocampus ; cytology ; immunology ; surgery ; Humans ; Hypotension, Controlled ; Inflammation ; genetics ; immunology ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Interleukin-1beta ; genetics ; immunology ; Male ; Neurons ; cytology ; immunology ; Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; genetics ; immunology

OBJECTIVETo analyze the clinicopathologic features of extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma, nasal type (ENKTCL-N), to explore the expression of NK cell-associated receptors in ENKTCL-N and the relationship with prognosis, and to establish a prognostic model.

METHODSOne hundred and twenty-six cases of ENKTCL-N were selected from the files of the Department of Pathology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University. The relevant clinical and follow-up data were collected, and the histopathology was reviewed. All specimens were stained immunohistochemically for CD16, ICAM-1 and LFA-1. RT-PCR was used to detect the expression of CD94, NKG2 and KIR. The relationship between the prognosis of ENKTCL-N, clinical features, histopathological characteristics and expression of these markers were also analyzed.

RESULTSENKTCL-N mainly occurred in middle-age and young patients (median age, 41 years). The male to female ratio was 3.2:1. Sites more commonly involved were the nose and upper aerodigestive tract whereas those for the non-nasal type were the skin and gut. Only six cases involved two or more extranodal sites. Most (86.5%, 109/126) of the patients were in clinical stages I/II. The tumors showed predominately medium-sized tumor cells and large-sized tumor cells accounted for only 9.5% (12/126). Coagulative necrosis was present in all cases. The expression rates of CD56, CD16, CD94, LFA-1 and ICAM-1 were 82.6% (95/115), 15.1% (19/126), 55.4% (41/74), 40.5% (51/126) and 0, respectively. The expression rate of NKG2 receptor was 90.5% (67/74) overall. NKG2 receptor expression was independent of CD94. The overall expression rate of KIR receptor was 33.8% (25/74) and KIR receptor restriction was not detected in 20.8% (5/24) of the cases. Follow-up data was available in all patients, with median and average survival time being 15 months and 20.2 months, respectively. Survival analysis showed that prognostic factors included the gender, age, disease type, extranodal involvement, stage, the expression of CD16, LFA-1 and CD94. Cox's proportional hazard regression analysis revealed four factors, age, involved site, stage and CD16 expression, were independent prognostic factors.

CONCLUSIONSThe age, disease type, stage and CD16 expression are independent prognostic factors. Establishment of a prognostic model based on the above four factors can be more accurate in the prognostication of ENKTCL-N. The differences in the clinical features, prognosis, and expression of NK cell-associated receptors are obvious between nasal NK-cell lymphoma and non-nasal NK-cell lymphoma.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; CD56 Antigen ; metabolism ; Child ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 ; metabolism ; Lymphocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1 ; metabolism ; Lymphoma, Extranodal NK-T-Cell ; metabolism ; pathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily D ; metabolism ; Neoplasm Staging ; Nose Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; Prognosis ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Receptors, IgG ; metabolism ; Receptors, KIR ; metabolism ; Receptors, NK Cell Lectin-Like ; metabolism ; Survival Rate ; Young Adult