Objective To assess the inlfuence of depth on liver stiffness measurement with real-time shear wave elastography (SWE) and determine the optimal depth for SWE in liver. Methods SWE of liver was performed on 89 healthy volunteers between May 2012 and November 2012. The depths of each liver were varied from 0 cm to 7 cm (from the liver capsule) in 1 cm increment and there were 8 depth groups in total. Then the elastic modulus of liver in each depth group were measured three times by SWE. The body mass index (BMI) and the distance from body surface to liver capsule were documented. The success rates and the mean elastic modulus of each group were calculated. Results The success rates of 0-7 cm were 0, 98.9%(88/89), 98.9%(88/89), 98.9%(88/89), 71.9%(64/89), 24.7%(22/89), 3.4%(3/89) and 0, respectively. The success rates were highest in 1 cm, 2 cm and 3 cm groups but signiifcant decreased with the increasement of depths in 4 cm, 5 cm and 6 cm groups ( 3 cm vs 4 cm, χ2=25.94, P<0.001; 4 cm vs 5 cm, χ2=39.68, P<0.001;5 cm vs 6 cm,χ2=16.79, P<0.001). The mean elastic modulus of 1 cm, 2 cm, 3 cm, 4 cm and 5 cm groups were (4.77±0.99), (4.68±0.99), (4.76±0.95), (5.19±1.10) and (5.41±0.95) kPa, respectively. The mean elastic modulus of 4 cm and 5 cm groups were signiifcant higher than those of 1 cm, 2 cm, 3 cm groups (4 cm vs 1 cm, t=-2.85, P=0.005;4 cm vs 2 cm, t=-3.49, P=0.001;4 cm vs 3 cm, t=-2.76, P=0.006;5 cm vs 1 cm, t=-3.13, P=0.002;5 cm vs 2 cm, t=-3.66, P=0.000;5 cm vs 3 cm, t=-3.05, P=0.003). In the group of 4 cm, the BMI and the distance from body surface to liver capsule of the volunteers performed successfully and unsuccessfully were (20.70±2.87), (22.07±2.42) kg/m2 and (1.45±0.25 ), (1.60±0.29) cm, respectively. In the group of 5 cm, the BMI and the distance from body surface to liver capsule of the volunteers performed successfully and unsuccessfully were (19.82±2.76), (21.49±2.72) kg/m2 and (1.35±0.21), (1.54±0.26) cm respectively. The BMI had no signiifcant difference between the successful and unsuccessful groups (t=-2.83, P=0.108 for 4 cm;t=0.77, P=0.709 for 5 cm), but the distance from body surface to liver capsule was signiifcantly different (t=26.51, P=0.012 for 4 cm;t=79.57, P=0.004 for 5 cm). Conclusions The success rates and elastic modulus were different at different depths. SWE should be performed at the depths of 1-3 cm from the liver capsule.

Aim Toinvestigatewhetherepidermal growth factor receptor ( EGFR )-containing exosomes could induce tumor-specific regulatory T cells, and the effects of those T cells on tumor protein-specific CD8+Tcells.Methods TheexosomeswithEGFRwerepu-rified from NSCLC tumor, which modulated tolerogenic property of DCs. Then the induced TolDCs generated tumor-specific Tregs, with which the tumor protein-specific CD8 + T cells were suppressed. Results 80%exosomeswereEGFRpositivefromLCpatients while less than 2% exosomes were EGFR positive from control lung tissue. After exposed to the exosomes in the culture for 7 days, the IDO+ DCs proportion was much higher than that in control group ( 80. 8% ± 3. 2% vs 65. 6% ± 6. 4%, P <0. 05 ) . The induced Tregs was also higher ( 24. 1% ± 5. 2% vs 4. 2% ± 2. 3%,P<0. 01 ) , which suppressed the proliferation of CD8+ T cells(5. 4% ± 0. 2% vs 86. 7% ± 9. 3%, P<0.01).Conclusion Thepurifiedexosomesin-duce tolerogenic DCs. Coculture of the tolerogenic DCs and Th0 cells generates the tumor antigen-specific reg-ulatory T cells. The Tregs could suppress the tumor an-tigen specific CD8+ T cells.

This article expounds the method of quality control and quality assurance for the isocenter of the medical linear accelerator and explains the content and standards of its regular examinations, in order to ensure the safety and efficiency in use.
Particle Accelerators ; standards ; Quality Control ; Radiation Oncology ; instrumentation ; standards

Objective To determine the value of Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)technique on diagnosis of adrenal medulla hyperplasia model rats confirmed by pathology study.Methods Sixty male SD rats were divided into 6 groups randomly,10 rats in each group.As experiment group,A,B,C groups were subcutaneously injected with reserpine(0.4 mg?kg~(-1)?d~(-1))from the beginning to 40,60,80 days respectively.As compare,the control groups(a,b,c group)were only injected with sodium chloride simultaneously.MRI technique and pathology study were performed for all the subjects on 40,60,and 80 days respectively.Results The percent of medulla were higher in B and C groups than that in b and c groups respectively[(34.3?5.8)% vs.(25.7?8.9)%,t=2.462,P

Aim To investigate the effects of airway epithelial cell-derived insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) on CD8 +T cell polarization. Methods Hu-man airway epithelial cell line, RPMI2650 cells, was cultured in the presence of a mice allergen, Der p1, for 72 h. IGF1 expression was checked with quantita-tive RT-PCR and Western blot. Der p1-primed RP-MI2650 cells, recombinant IGF1 and anti-IGF1 anti-body was cocultured respectively with CD8 + T cells, which were activated by anti-CD3/CD8 Ab. Apoptotic cells frequency was calculated with flow cytometry. The alteration of p53 gene hypermethylation in CD8 + T cells elicited by Der p1-primed airway epithelial cell and IGF1 was plotted. Results Both mRNA(23. 1%± 5. 2% vs 5. 2% ± 2. 3%, P < 0. 01 ) and protein (33. 4 ± 6. 4 vs 9. 2 ± 4. 6, P <0. 01 ) expression of IGF1 in RPMI2650 cells markedly increased after ex-posure to Der p1 . The increase of apoptotic CD3/CD28 Ab-activated CD8 + T cells was abolished by the pres-ence of Derp1-primed epithelial cells ( 41. 7% ± 8. 2%vs 5. 2% ± 1. 8%, P <0. 01 ) . The results were con-firmed by the addition of recombinant IGF1 . Anti-IGF1 antibody abolished the effect of the epithelial cells. Derp1-primed epithelial cells inhibited p53 gene mR-NA( 29. 1% ± 5. 9% vs 16. 2% ± 4. 3%, P <0. 01 ) and protein ( 63. 3 ± 8. 9 vs 26. 9 ± 5. 6 , P <0. 01 ) ex-pression. Anti-IGF1 antibody abolished the effect. Re-combinant IGF1 promoted CD8 + T cells′p53 gene hy-permethylation. Conclusion Der p1 induces RP-MI2650 cells to produce IGF1 , and this factor prevents CD8 + T cell apoptosis by inducing p53 gene hyperm-ethylation.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the process of apoptosis in lungs and liver induced by crushing hindlimbs of rat, and study the mechanism of crush injury. METHODS: The rat experimental model of hindlimbs crush injury was established. The cell apoptosis in lungs and liver was detected by TUNEL assay, and the expression of Bax, Bcl-2 and caspase-3 apoptin was examined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the partial muscle injury of rat's hindlimbs was more serious with more apoptosis observed in lungs and liver (P < 0.05). The expression of Bax was up-regulated and Bcl-2 was down-regulated, whereas caspase-3 expression was activated (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The cell apoptosis has increased significantly in lungs and liver after crush injury of hindlimbs in rat. The correlation factor released during tissue injury may mediate apoptosis process.
Animals ; Apoptosis/physiology* ; Caspase 3/metabolism* ; Genes, bcl-2 ; Hindlimb/injuries* ; Immunohistochemistry ; Liver/physiopathology* ; Lung/physiopathology* ; Rats ; Up-Regulation ; bcl-2-Associated X Protein

Objective To study the protective effect of glucocorticoid preconditioning on the myocardial ischemic and reperfused hearts.Methods Totally 18 rabbits were randomly divided into three groups: myocardial ischemia-reperfusion model(model),high-dose glucocorticoid given by one time group(high-dose group) and low-dose glucocorticoid given by several times group(low-dose group),with six rabbits in each group.Myocardial ischemia was induced by left anterior descending coronary artery ligation.ST segments were recorded by the BL-420 biological signal acquisition system.Plasma malondial dehyde(MDA) was examined before ischemia,at 15 min after ischemia and 30 min after reperfusion;ischemic heart muscles were prepared with cryotomy and stained histochemically.Succinic dehydrogenase activity was observed in the ischemic region.Results There was shorter time of ST-segment recovery in the high-dose group and the low-dose group than that in the model group.Serum level of MDA in the high-dose group was lower than in the low-dose group(P

Humans ; Tuberculosis ; Vocal Cord Paralysis ; surgery ; Vocal Cords

OBJECTIVETo observe the clinical effect of electric stimulation of long-term retaining needle on analgesia after laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) and the impacts on the post-surgical flatus time.

METHODSUnder static absorptive composite general anesthesia, 90 cases of LC were randomized into three groups, 30 cases in each one. In the control group, the analgesia was not applied after LC. In the analgesia-pumper group, the patient controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) was used. In the needle-retaining group, the electric acupuncture stimulator was used. The needles were inserted transversely at Riyue (GB 24), Qichong (ST 30) and Yanglingquan (GB 34) and fixed with sterile sticker. Separately, in 8 h and 24 h after surgery, the electric acupuncture stimulation with disperse-dense wave, 2 Hz/100 Hz frequency was applied continuously for 30 min. Visual analogue scale (VAS), adverse reactions such as vomiting and nausea and the postoperative flatus time in 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 36 h after surgery were observed and recorded in the three groups.

RESULTSIn 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h after surgery, VAS scores in the needle-retaining group and the analgesia-pumper group were all lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). The analgesia effect at the above time points in the needle-retaining group was better than that in the analgesia-pumper group (all P < 0.05). There was not adverse reaction in the needle-retaining group. But there were 3 cases of somnolence, 6 cases of nausea and 3 cases of vomiting in the analgesia-pumper group, and 2 cases of nausea and 1 case of vomiting in the control group. The flatus time was quite earlier in the needle-retaining group as compared with the other two groups [(14.77 +/- 4.99) h vs (18.50 +/- 4.22) h, P < 0.01; (14.77 +/- 4.99) h vs (18.17 +/- 4.69) h, P < 0.05].

CONCLUSIONThe electric stimulation of long-term retaining needle is safe and effective in analgesia after LC. It avoids the adverse reactions of analgesics and promotes postoperative flatus.

Acupuncture Analgesia ; instrumentation ; Adult ; Aged ; Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic ; adverse effects ; Electroacupuncture ; instrumentation ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pain Management ; Pain, Postoperative ; etiology ; therapy

This article expounds the quality assurance for the radiotherapy simulator. Emphasis is given to its necessities and the methods, and standards of regular examinations are illustrated for the aim of meeting the requirements of the quality assurance in radiotherapy by the WHO.
Quality Assurance, Health Care ; Quality Control ; Radiotherapy ; instrumentation