Background Posterior capsular opacification (PCO) following cataract extracapsular extraction is a major cause of the reduction of visual acuity.Topical administration of eye drops is a research hotspot for the prevention of PCO.Objective This study was to evaluate the release of cyclosporine A-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CyA-CS-NP) by ionic gelation in vitro and its feasibility of modification of the surface of polymethylmethacrylate intraocular lens (PMMA IOL) with CyA-CS-NP.Methods The CS-NP and CyA-CS-NP were prepared by ionic gelation of CS with sodium tripolyphosphate.The characteristics of CS-NP,such as the appearance and mean size,and drug entrapment efficient (EE),loading capacity (LC),and the drug release were studied ; the CyA content on the IOL surface was detected by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).The IOL surface modified with CyA-CS-NP was observed by scanning electron microscope and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy technique (XPS),the changes of elements and chemical bond types between simple plasma processed IOL and CyA-CS-NP modified IOL were analyzed.The transmittance at the wavelength of 360-490 nm and refraction of IOL were detected using back focal length method and spectrophotometer,and the effective resolution of IOL was evaluated according to the instruction of ISO/CD 11979-2.Loops anti fatigue test of IOL referred to the criteria of ISO/CD 11979-3.Results The CS-NP and CyA-CS-NP showed monodisperse,uniform appearance similar to spherical shape with a mean size of (158±18) nm and (219±29) nm,respectively.The CyA-CS-NP had high CyA association efficiency and loading capacity (64.2％ and 7.6％).In vitro release study revealed a fast release on the first day followed by a increased drug release during an 11-day following up.The sustained release was approximately 46.6％ at day 1 and 77.7％ at day 12,respectively.The surface of IOLs with cling film was smooth without CS-NP;while the edge of IOLs appeared a layer of CyA-CS-NP after modification.XPS analysis displayed some elements such as phosphonium,CNH2 and O =CN that appeared on the modified surface,indicating that CyA-CS-NP existed on the surface of IOLs edge.The mean quality of CyA on three IOLs surface after modification was 171.88 μg.The diopter,distinguishing ability and transmittance of modified IOL were (16.64±0.23) D,(90.28 ± 0.25) ％ and (73.57 ±0.62) ％,and those of unmodified IOL were (16.62±0.29) D,(90.28±0.21) ％,(73.61±0.60)％,without significant differences between them (t =0.381,0.078,2.291,all at P ＞ 0.05).The antifatigue ability of loops complied with the criteria of ISO/CD 11979-3.Conclusions The optical property and antifatigue ability of loops of the edge-modified IOLs by CyA-CS-NP reach the normal standard and meet the requirement of clinic application.The edge-modified IOLs by CyA-CS-NP can be a delivery system for intraocular drug release.

?Pterygium is one of the most common ocular surface diseases. Its exact etiology and pathogenesis are not completely understood. At present, it is considered that its occurrence and development is the result of many factors. Current studies have indicated that the occurrence of pterygium is closely related to the environmental factors. Long time exposure to sunlight, dust, pollen and other long - term chronic stimulation are the main incentive factors. Various factors have caused limbal barrier dysfunction, induced the level of a variety of growth factors and inflammatory factors increased, so that the conjunctival tissue degenerate and proliferate to the cornea in the formation of pterygium. In this paper, the research progress of the pathogenesis of pterygium is reviewed.

Long-term excessive iodine intake resulted in an increased TT_4 level and a decreased TT_3 level in maternal serum,meanwhile,hepatic and renal type 1 deiodinase activity decreased dose-dependently.A significant reduction in type 2 deiodinase ( D2 ) activity of 12.5 d placenta was found in 3.0 mg/L or above groups.For 19.5 d uterus,D2 activity decreased and type 3 deiodinase activity increased.The results suggest that excessive iodine has an effect on the embryonic development by regulating maternal-fetal thyroid hormone metabolism.

OBJECTIVETo evaluate therapeutic effects of Wallis interspinous dynamic stabilization in treating ASD after lumbar spinal fusion.

METHODSTotally 40 patients (included 16 males and 24 females, aged 25 to 60 years old) with degenerative disc disease were treated with posterior interbody fusion. Among them, 20 cases (treatment group) were treated with posterior interbody fusion combined with Wallis interspinous dynamic stabilization, while other 20 cases (control group) only treated with posterior interbody fusion. JOA score and VAS score were compared after inserted Wallis interspinous dynamic stabilization at 1 month and 3 years, and changes of intervertebral disc height of adjacent segment and cross-sectional area of the canal were tested and compared.

RESULTSAll patients were followed up from 3 to 5 years with an average of 3.6 years. All injuries were healed at stage I and the pain were released after treatment. There were no significant meaning in JOA score and VAS score at 1 month after treatment between two groups (P>0.05), while had meaning at 3 years (P<0.05). There were no statistical significane in intervertebral disc height of adjacent segment and cross-sectional area of the canal at 1 month after treatment (P>0.05), while had statistical meaning at 3 years (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONThere is no difference in immediate effects between two groups. Both of them can obtain good results for effective decompression. Medial-term effectiveness of treatment group is obviously better than control group, which depends on Wallis interspinous dynamic stabilization to plays good biology effects and effective accelerate adjacent degeneration caused by lumbar fusion.

Adult ; Decompression, Surgical ; Female ; Humans ; Intervertebral Disc Degeneration ; surgery ; Lumbar Vertebrae ; surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Spinal Fusion ; Treatment Outcome

AIMTo develop simple but reliable intracellular labelling method for high-resolution visualization of the fine structure of single neurons in brain slice with thickness of 500 microm.

METHODSBiocytin was introduced into neurons in 500 microm-thickness brain slices while blind whole cell recording. Following processed for histochemistry using the avidin-biotin-complex method, stained slices were mounted in glycerol on special glass slides. Labelled cells were digital photomicrographed every 30 microm and reconstructed with Adobe Photoshop software.

RESULTSAfter histochemistry, limited background staining was produced. The resolution was so high that fine structure, including branching, termination of individual axons and even spines of neurons could be identified in exquisite detail with optic microscope. With the help of software, the neurons of interest could be reconstructed from a stack of photomicrographs.

CONCLUSIONThe modified method provides an easy and reliable approach to revealing the detailed morphological properties of single neurons in 500 microm-thickness brain slice. Without requisition of special equipment, it is suited to be broadly applied.

Animals ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Neurons ; cytology ; physiology ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Software ; Staining and Labeling ; methods

Specific primers and TaqMan MGB probes were designed with Primer Express 2.0 software according to the conserved region of the H5, H9, H7 subtype AIV hemagglutinin gene to make research of real-time fluorescent one-step PCR in the differential detection of H5, H9, H7 subtype avian influenza inactivated vaccines. The result showed that the method was specific and reproducible. No cross-reaction was discovered with other avian disease vaccines. Real-time fluorescent PCR provided a specific, sensitive, rapid and convenient method for the subtype identification of avian influenza inactivated vaccines.
Animals ; Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus ; immunology ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype ; immunology ; Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype ; immunology ; Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype ; immunology ; Influenza A virus ; classification ; immunology ; Influenza Vaccines ; analysis ; classification ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; methods ; Vaccines, Inactivated ; analysis

To generate recombinant avian adeno-associated virus (rAAAV) for gene transfer studies in avian cells, the recombinant plasmid containing the whole genome of AAAV was digested with restriction enzymes to remove the Rep and Cap genes, resulting in AAAV transfer vector pAITR. GFP-expressing cassette was amplified by PCR and inserted into the AAAV transfer vector. The Rep-Cap gene of AAAV amplified by high fidelity PCR was subcloned into eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3, resulting in an AAAV helper vector pcDNA-ARC. The Rep and Cap genes amplified by high fidelity PCR were subcloned separately into the co-expression vector pVITRO2-mcs, resulting in another AAAV helper vector pVITRO2-ARC. Using calcium phosphate precipitation method, rAAAV-GFP was generated by co-transfecting AAV-293 cells with a cocktail of pAITR-GFP, pcDNA-ARC or pVITRO2-ARC, and adenovirus helper vector pHelper. The three structural proteins VP1, VP2 and VP3 of correct molecular masses were detected by SDS-PAGE and the GFP reporter gene was detected by PCR in purified rAAAV-GFP virions. Chicken embryonic fibroblast (CEF) cells and CEL cell line were transduced with the recombinant virus, the GFP-positive cells were easily observed under fluorescent microscope, expression of which lasted for at least two weeks. These data demonstrate that an efficient helper virus-free packaging system has been established for generating recombinant AAAV particles for gene transfer studies in avian cells and for development of recombinant vaccines against avian diseases.
Animals ; Cell Line ; Cells, Cultured ; Chickens ; Dependovirus ; genetics ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; Green Fluorescent Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Humans ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Models, Genetic ; Plasmids ; genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Transfection

Objective To investigate the psychologic status of irritability, depression and anxiety in patients who underwent intrauterine insemination (IUI) and to provide mental nursing care. Methods This study included 120 infertile patients who underwent IUI treatment from August 2008 to September 2009 in infertility clinics. All patients were divided into two groups randomly and assessed with the Irritability,Depression and Anxiety Scale (IDA). The 60 patients in control group were treated according to the standard IUI procedure, while the patients in study group were given mental nursing additionally. IDA scores before and after psychological intervention and clinical pregnancy rate were compared between the two groups. Results The IDA scores decreased obviously after mental nursing in study group (P ＜0.05 ). The clinical pregnancy rate per cycle was much higher in study group than that in control group ( P ＜ 0.05). Conclusions IDA can be applied to the psychological investigation of IUI patients. Efficient mental nursing care is beneficial to the success of IUI.

OBJECTIVETo measure the axial rotation angles of the carpometacarpal joints during the digital opposition of thumb-index finger, thumb-medial finger, thumb-ring finger, thumb-little finger and the thumb's maximal opposition, then the application of these parameters were studied.

METHODSTwenty neutrality-occupation volunteers (female 10, male 10) with no history of hand injuries or related diseases were involved in the study. First, all the markers' 3-D coordinates were obstained using the 3D motion analysis system (EVaRT4.1) during the digital opposition movements of thumb. Then, the axial rotation angles were calculated.

RESULTSThe average rotation angles of carpometacarpal joints during all kinds of digital oppositions were 29.1 degrees +/- 9.4 degrees (male), 24.8 degrees +/- 10.2 degrees (female), while the maximal rotation angles are: 35.3 degrees (male), 28.8 degrees (female).

CONCLUSIONSThe combination of video-based 3-D analysis system and mathematics make it possible to measure the axial rotation angles of thumb in vivo, as a result, the rotation angles of thumb carpometacarpal joints are measured precisely for the first time. These results can provide a few parameters for treatment and rehabilitation of carpometacarpal arthrositis.

Adult ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Female ; Finger Joint ; diagnostic imaging ; physiology ; Fluoroscopy ; instrumentation ; methods ; Humans ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; instrumentation ; methods ; Male ; Movement ; physiology ; Reproducibility of Results

Objective　Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is one of the complications of diabetes, which is closely related to the change of miRNA. In this study, we observed the characteristic expression of miR-26b in the tissues of the C57BL/6J mouse and in the heart, adipose tissue and liver of the ob/ob mouse, and investigated the effect of high glucose (Glu) on the expression of miR-26b in H9C2 cardiomyocytes.　Methods　Using RT-PCR, we measured the levels of miR-26b in the heart, adipose tissue, liver and other tissues of C57BL/6J and ob/ob mice. H9C2 cardiomyocytes were treated with Glu at 5.5, 15, 25 and 35 mmol/L for 0, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours, followed by detection of the proliferation of cardiomyocytes by CCK-8 and determination of thelevels miR-26b.　Results　The expression of miR-26b was the highest in the heart of the C57BL/6J mice, significantly higher than in the cardiac and white adipose tissues of the ob/ob mice (P < 0.05). The proliferation of cardiomyocytes was markedly increased in the 15, 25 and 35 mmol/L Glu groups at 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours as compared with that in the 5.5 mmol/L Glu group (P < 0.05), higher in the 25 than in the 15 mmol/L Glu group at 24 hours (0.74±0.02 vs 0.72±0.01, P<0.05), but lower in the 35 than in the 15 mmol/L Glu group at 48 hours (0.92±0.01 vs 0.94±0.01, P<0.05), in the 25 and 35 mmol/L Glu groups at 96 hours (P < 0.05), in the 35 mmol/L Glu group at 120 hours (1.12±0.02 vs 1.19±0.05, P<0.05), in the 35 than in the 25 mmol/L Glu group at 24 and 48 hours (P<0.05). The expression of miR-26b in the H9C2 cardiomyocytes was significantly down-regulated in the 25 and 35 mmol/L Glu groups in comparison with that in the 5.5 mmol/L Glu group (P<0.05), remarkably lower in the 25 mmol/L Glu group at 96 and 120 hours than at 0 hour (P<0.05).　Conclusion　High glucose can down-regulate the expression of miR-26b in H9C2 cardiomyocytes, which suggests that miR-26b may participate in the pathogenesis of DCM.