CBS(Case Based Study)is a new teaching method,which is based on the case given.It requires students to answer questions according to the case. In the teaching,the students who are divided into groups,seek for resolvent by themselves. They should combine the information provided in the case,find the key answer and the relationship.The students gain the knowledge by reviewing and studying in the textbook,then analyse and solve questions with them. The application of CBS could make knowledge more relatively and systematic, moreover,it also make study more actively and initiatively.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Female ; Humans ; Immunophenotyping ; Leukocyte Common Antigens ; immunology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma ; immunology ; Young Adult

Objective:To obtain stable radioresistant non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines and identify the genetic pattern of conventional fractioned and hypofractionated radiotherapy. Methods:A549 NSCLC cells were treated with 6 MV of x-rays through conventional fractionated (2 Gy, 17 f) and hypofractionated irradiation (4 Gy, 7 f) to establish a radiation resistance cell model. Tumor cell radioresistance was determined using a clonogenic assay andγ-H2AX immunofluorescence staining combined with confocal microscopy. After extracting total mRNA from the cells, a whole genome expression microarray was applied to detect differential gene expression. The genes with at least a twofold increase in expression (P<0.05) were analyzed, and the pathway (Q<0.05) methods were used to further analyze the chip results. Results:After irradiating the A549 cells, two radioresistant cell lines were obtained, namely, the A549R2Gy-R and the A549R4Gy-R cell lines. The A549R2Gy-R cell line was radioresistant to the conventional fractionated irradiation, whereas the A549R4Gy-R cell line was ra-dioresistant to hypofractionated irradiation. Microarray analysis showed that the A549R2Gy-R cells exhibited 1 701 differentially expressed genes (357 upregulated, 1 344 downregulated) compared with the parental A549 cell. By contrast, the hypofractionated irradiation-resistant A549R4Gy-R cells had 944 upregulated genes and 2 602 downregulated genes compared with the A549 cells. The A549R2Gy-R cells exhibited 318 upregulated genes and 699 downregulated genes compared with the A549R4Gy-R cells. Several signaling pathways were implicated in radioresistance when conventional fractionated radiotherapy was compared with hypofractionated irradiation radiotherapy using path way-significant enrichment analysis, especially the PI3K and Erb B channel signaling pathway kinase. Conclusion:Multiple genes and signaling pathways are involved in the development of radiation resistance in NSCLC. The underlined radioresistance mechanisms under conventional and hypofractionated radiotherapy need further study and elucidation to provide new targets for drug development.

Objective To assess the effectiveness of treatment of meniscal injuries of knee joints by arthroscopy.Methods 33 patients 35 joints were followed up and the parts,types and treatment under arthroscopy were analysed.Results 33 patients were followed up from six months to six years,the mean preoperative Lysholm score was 60.5 points,and the mean postoperative one was 86.7 points.Conclusion The advantage of treating meniscal injuries by arthroscopy was the result of correct examination and little wound of arthroscopy operation,and arthroscopic repair or partial menisectomy could effectively restore the function of the injured knee.

According to the transcriptome dataset of Panax notoginseng, the key geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase gene (GGPPS) in terpenoid backbone biosynthesis was selected to be cloned. Using specific primer pairs combining with RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends) technique, the full-length cDNA sequence with 1 203 bp, which containing a 1 035 bp open reading frame, was cloned and named as PnGGPPS. The corresponding full-length DNA sequence contained 2 370 bp, consisted of 1 intron and 2 exons. The deduced protein PnGGPPS contained 344 amino acids and shared more than 73% identity with GGPPS from Ricinus communis and Salvia miltiorrhiza. PnGGPPS also had specific Aspartic acid enrichment regions and other conserved domains, which belonged to the Isoprenoid-Biosyn-C1 superfamily. The quantitative real-time PCR showed that PnGGPPS expressed in different tissues of 1, 2, 3 years old root, stem, leaf and 3 years old flower, and the expression level in 3 years old leaf was significant higher than that in other organs, which suggested that it might not only be involved in the regulation of the growth and development, but also be associated with the biosynthesis of chlorophyll and carotenoids, the development of chloroplast, the shade habit and the quality formation of P. notoginseng.
Cloning, Molecular ; Computational Biology ; Geranylgeranyl-Diphosphate Geranylgeranyltransferase ; genetics ; Panax notoginseng ; genetics ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction

Objective To assess the treatment effects of As_2O_3-PLGA microspheres on VX2 rabbits liver tumor models.Methods Thirty-two New Zealand white rabbits were involved with formation of VX2 rabbits liver tumor models,and randomly divided into 4 groups of 8 each.(a)As_2O_3 plus 0.9% NaCl solution group:3 F co-catheter was plugged into hepatic artery,and then As_2O_3(3 mg/kg)plus 10 ml 0.9%NaCl solution was injected into the tumor through the feeding artery;(b)As_2O_3-PLGA microspheres group :As_2O_3- PLGA microspheres(3 mg/kg)was injected into the tumor through the feeding artery;(c)PLGA mierospheres group:Injection of PLGA microspheres(3 mg/kg)injected into the tumor through the feeding artery;(d) control group:0.9% NaCl solution(10 ml)was injected into the feeding artery.Dual phase helical CT scans were performed the day before treatment,20 days after treatment and finally the rabbits were sacrificed.The sizes of the tumor were measured and followed by histopathological analysis and HE staining.Results The volumes of tumors post operatively of group a,b,c and d were(31.08?11.15)cm~3,(3.82?2.537)cm~3, (13.22?4.665)cm~3 and(115.8?62.01)cm~3 respectively.The most significant treatment effect was available in group b,with more coagulation necrosis and fibrotic tissue formation.Statistical analysis indicated that the treatment effects of group a,b,c were better than that of group d with significant difference which can be also seen between group a and b,group b and c.Conclusion As_2O_3-PLGA microspheres shows rather excellent chemoembolization effects on VX2 rabbit liver tumor model with safely.

Objective To investigate the relationship between watching television time and impaired glucose regulation (IGR) , type 2 diabetes mellitus in Chongqing City .Methods Population-based cross-sectional study was conducted to investigated the local permanent staff(lived in Chongqing more than 5 years) who were 40 years old or elder in Chongqing City .Results The overall prevalence rate of IGR and T 2DM was 6 .3% ,5 .6% respectively .The average weekly watching TV time of the samples was (12 .3 ± 10 .1) h .After adjusting for possible confounding factors ,the prevalence rate of IGR and T2DM in patients watching TV time >14 h per week was significantly higher than those watching TV time ≤ 7 h per week(Adjust .OR = 1 .528 ,95% CI = 1 .034 - 2 .121 ;OR = 1 .482 ,95% CI = 1 .133 - 2 .047 ,respectively ) .Conclusion Siting and watching TV time were positively correlated with the risk of IGR ,T2DM .So ,we should actively encourage and promote healthy lifestyles to reduce siting and watching TV time .

OBJECTIVETo investigate the detrimental effects of ouabain on cochlear spiral ganglion neurons (SGCs) in vivo and in vitro.

METHODSSeventy-five male SD rats were randomly divided into 5 groups. In addition to the normal control group, rats in other 4 groups received 0.01, 0.02, 0.05 mmol/L of Ouabain or saline through cochlear scala tympani drilling. Seven days after surgery, the hearing threshold was measured by distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) and auditory brainstem response (ABR) in rats. In the in vitro study, SGNs were isolated from SD rats (E14) and treated with 1 × 10(-8) mmol/L of Ouabain. The damaged of SGCs were detected after ouabain treatment using immunohistochemistry, transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscope in vitro.

RESULTSAfter administration of Ouabain, DPOAE did not change significantly. No significant difference in the amplitude of DPOAE could be observed among all the groups (P > 0.05). Compared with saline and normal control, ABR threshold was significantly increased in the Ouabain treated groups (P < 0.05), which correlated with the concentration of Ouabain. Electron microscopy showed that after treated with Ouabain, SGCs presented degenerative changes, including collapse of organelle structures, the karyotheca dissolved, myelin sheath disintegrating. Ouabain could damage type I SGCs but not type II SGNs.

CONCLUSIONSOuabain can damage SGCs, either in the in vivo or in vitro conditions.

Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; Cochlea ; cytology ; drug effects ; Male ; Ouabain ; toxicity ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Spiral Ganglion ; drug effects

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the therapeutic effect of endovascular placement of iodine-125 seed strand and stent combined with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) to treat hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with tumor thrombus in the main portal vein (MPVTT).

METHODSFifty patients with HCC complicated by MPVTT were enrolled into this study. There were 46 men and 4 women with a mean age of 53.9 years. TACE was performed after the iodine-125 seed strand and self-expandable stent placement in the obstructed segment of the main portal vein (MPV).

RESULTSTechnical success rate was 100% for placement of iodine-125 seed strand and stent in the target segment of MPV. No serious procedure-related complications occurred. The mean follow-up duration was 208.5 d. The mean and median survival time was 370.1 d and 223.0 d, respectively. The 90-, 180-, 360-day cumulative survival rates were 97.5%, 59.3%, and 38.4%, respectively. The mean and median patent time of stent was 524.2 d and 407.4 d, respectively. The 90-, 180-, 360-day cumulative patency rates of stent were 94.9%, 75.2%, and 64.5%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONEndovascular placement of iodine-125 seed strand and stent combined with TACE is an effective therapy for HCC with tumor thrombus in the main portal vein.

Adult ; Aged ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; pathology ; therapy ; Chemoembolization, Therapeutic ; methods ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Iodine Radioisotopes ; therapeutic use ; Liver Neoplasms ; pathology ; therapy ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neoplastic Cells, Circulating ; Portal Vein ; pathology ; Stents ; Survival Rate

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of Hedgehog (HH) pathway on proliferation and in vitro tumorigenicity of gastric cancer cell lines.

METHODSThe expression of SHH, PTCH, SMO, SUFU and GLI1 in seven cell lines were tested by RT-PCR. siRNA targeting GLI1 mRNA was transfected into MKN28 cells. Cell proliferation and in vitro tumorigenicity were examined by CCK8 and soft agar colony formation test.

RESULTSSHH in six gastric cancer cell lines was up-regulated. Expression of PTCH in KATOIII cell lines and expression of SUFU in MKN28 and KATOIII were reduced. GLI1 siRNA significantly inhibited the expression of GLI1 in MKN28 cell line. Growth rate and colony formation rate of MKN28 cells treated with GLI1 siRNA were significantly lower than those of control cells (all P <0.001).

CONCLUSIONSHH signaling pathway is widely activated in gastric cancer cell lines. The activation of HH signaling pathway promotes the growth of MKN28 cells.

Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation ; Gastric Mucosa ; cytology ; Hedgehog Proteins ; metabolism ; Humans ; Oncogene Proteins ; metabolism ; RNA, Small Interfering ; Signal Transduction ; Stomach Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; Trans-Activators ; metabolism ; Zinc Finger Protein GLI1