ObjectiveThe proteome of biological evidence contains rich genetic information, namely single amino acid polymorphisms (SAPs) in protein sequences. However, due to the lack of efficient and convenient analysis tools, the application of SAP in public security still faces many challenges. This paper aims to meet the application requirements of SAP analysis for forensic biological evidence’s proteome data. MethodsThe software is divided into three modules. First, based on a built-in database of common non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) and SAPs in East Asian populations, the software integrates and annotates newly identified exonic nsSNPs as SAPs, thereby constructing a customized SAP protein sequence database. It then utilizes a pre-installed search engine—either pFind or MaxQuant—to perform analysis and output SAP typing results, identifying both reference and variant types, along with their corresponding imputed nsSNPs. Finally, SAPTyper compares the proteome-based typing results with the individual’s exome-derived nsSNP profile and outputs the comparison report. ResultsSAPTyper accepts proteomic DDA mass spectrometry raw data (DDA acquisition mode) and exome sequencing results of nsSNPs as input and outputs the report of SAPs result. The pFind and Maxquant search engines were used to test the proteome data of 2 hair shafts of2 individuals, and both obtained SAP results. It was found that the results of the Maxquant search engine were slightly less than those of pFind. This result shows that SAPTyper can achieve SAP fingding function. Moreover, the pFind search engine was used to test the proteome data of 3 hair shafts from 1 European person and 1 African person in the literature. Among the sites fully matched by the literature method, sites detected by SAPTyper are also included; for semi-matching sites, that is, nsSNPs are heterozygous, both literature method and SAPTyper method had the risk of missing detection for one type of the allele. Comparing the analysis results of SAPTyper with the SAP test results reported in the literature, it was found that some imputed nsSNP sites identified by the literature method but not detected by SAPTyper had a MAF of less than 0.1% in East Asian populations, and therefore they were not included in the common nsSNP database of East Asian populations constructed by this software. Since the database construction of this software is based on the genetic variation information of East Asian populations, it is currently unable to effectively identify representative unique common variation sites in European or African populations, but it can still identify SAP sites shared by these populations and East Asian populations. ConclusionAn automated SAP analysis algorithm was developed for East Asian populations, and the software named SAPTyper was developed. This software provides a convenient and efficient analysis tool for the research and application of forensic proteomic SAP and has important application prospects in individual identification and phenotypic inference based on SAP.

Peri-implant keratinized mucosa (PIKM) augmentation refers to surgical procedures aimed at increasing the width of PIKM. Consensus reports emphasize the necessity of maintaining a minimum width of PIKM to ensure long-term peri-implant health. Currently, several surgical techniques have been validated for their effectiveness in increasing PIKM. However, the selection and application of PIKM augmentation methods may present challenges for dental practitioners due to heterogeneity in surgical techniques, variations in clinical scenarios, and anatomical differences. Therefore, clear guidelines and considerations for PIKM augmentation are needed. This expert consensus focuses on the commonly employed surgical techniques for PIKM augmentation and the factors influencing their selection at second-stage surgery. It aims to establish a standardized framework for assessing, planning, and executing PIKM augmentation procedures, with the goal of offering evidence-based guidance to enhance the predictability and success of PIKM augmentation.
Humans ; Consensus ; Dental Implants ; Mouth Mucosa/surgery* ; Keratins

Functional dyspepsia (FD), characterized by persistent or recurrent dyspeptic symptoms without identifiable organic, systemic or metabolic causes, is an increasingly recognized global health issue. The objective of this guideline is to equip clinicians and nursing professionals with evidence-based strategies for the management and treatment of adult patients with FD using traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The Guideline Development Group consulted existing TCM consensus documents on FD and convened a panel of 35 clinicians to generate initial clinical queries. To address these queries, a systematic literature search was conducted across PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), VIP Database, China Biology Medicine (SinoMed) Database, Wanfang Database, Traditional Medicine Research Data Expanded (TMRDE), and the Traditional Chinese Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System (TCMLARS). The evidence from the literature was critically appraised using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. The strength of the recommendations was ascertained through a consensus-building process involving TCM and allopathic medicine experts, methodologists, pharmacologists, nursing specialists, and health economists, leveraging their collective expertise and empirical knowledge. The guideline comprises a total of 43 evidence-informed recommendations that span a range of clinical aspects, including the pathogenesis according to TCM, diagnostic approaches, therapeutic interventions, efficacy assessments, and prognostic considerations. Please cite this article as: Zhang SS, Zhao LQ, Hou XH, Bian ZX, Zheng JH, Tian HH, Yang GH, Hong WS, He YY, Liu L, Shen H, Li YP, Xie S, Shu J, Zeng BF, Li JX, Liu Z, Xiao ZH, Xiao JD, Zheng PY, Huang SG, Chen SL, Fei GJ. International clinical practice guideline on the use of traditional Chinese medicine for functional dyspepsia (2025). J Integr Med. 2025; 23(5):502-518.
Dyspepsia/drug therapy* ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional/methods* ; Practice Guidelines as Topic ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use*

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between physical activity and genetic risk and their combined effects on the risk of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. METHODS: This prospective cohort study included 318,085 biobank participants from the UK. Physical activity was assessed using the short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. The participants were stratified into low-, intermediate-, and high-genetic-risk groups based on their polygenic risk scores. Multivariate Cox regression models and multiplicative interaction analyses were used. RESULTS: During a median follow-up period of 13 years, 9,209 participants were diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. For low genetic risk, compared to low physical activity, the hazard ratios ( HRs) for moderate and high physical activity were 0.853 (95% confidence interval [ CI]: 0.748-0.972) and 0.831 (95% CI: 0.727-0.950), respectively. For intermediate genetic risk, the HRs were 0.829 (95% CI: 0.758-0.905) and 0.835 (95% CI: 0.764-0.914), respectively. For participants with high genetic risk, the HRs were 0.809 (95% CI: 0.746-0.877) and 0.818 (95% CI: 0.754-0.888), respectively. A significant interaction was observed between genetic risk and physical activity. CONCLUSION Moderate or high levels of physical activity were associated with a lower risk of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease across all genetic risk groups, highlighting the need to tailor activity interventions for genetically susceptible individuals.
Humans ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/epidemiology* ; Exercise ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Prospective Studies ; Aged ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Risk Factors ; United Kingdom/epidemiology* ; Incidence ; Adult

Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of a new type of self-made bone drill applied to percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy for L5/S1 intervertebral disc herniation.Methods The clinical data of 52 patients with L5/S1 intervertebral disc herniation admitted to our hospital were retrospectively analyzed.All patients underwent percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy,with a new type of self-made bone drill for foraminoplasty during the surgery.The surgical conditions and occurrence of complications were recorded.The pain of patients before surgery,3 days after surgery,3 months after surgery,6 months after surgery,and 1 year after surgery was assessed by visual analogue scale(VAS);and the neurological function improvement before and after surgery was evaluated by Oswestry disability index(ODI).Results All patients underwent successful surgery without serious complications or recurrence after surgery.The VAS and ODI scores of patients 3 days,3 months,6 months,and 1 year after surgery were significantly lower than those before surgery(P<0.05).Conclusion The self-made new bone drill can significantly improve the efficiency of foraminoplasty and ensure surgical safety,with satisfactory early clinical effect.

Objective:To evaluate the predictive value of stress+ rest gated myocardial perfusion imaging (G-MPI) in assessing all-cause mortality risk in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH).Methods:From June 2010 to March 2022, 72 patients (39 males, 33 females; age (21.1±12.3) years) who diagnosed with FH clinically and genetically and underwent stress+ rest G-MPI in Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University were retrospectively followed up. Image analysis was performed using the 17-segment 5-point method to obtain left ventricular myocardial perfusion and functional parameters. Patients were followed for all-cause mortality events, and predictors associated with the risk of all-cause mortality were analyzed using Cox regression. The efficiencies of predictors were evaluated by ROC curve analysis, and the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test were used to compare the differences in the incidence of all-cause mortality in different groups of patients with FH. Independent-sample t test or Mann-Whitney U test was used to analyze the data. Results:The follow-up time of 72 patients was 7(4, 10) years, and all-cause death occurred in 16(22.2%) patients during the follow-up period. There were statistically significant differences in total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC), summed stress score (SSS), summed rest score (SRS), summed difference score (SDS), stress end-systolic volume (SESV), stress ejection fraction (SEF), rest end-diastolic volume (REDV), rest end-systolic volume (RESV) and rest ejection fraction (REF) between the death group and the survival group ( t values: from -2.65 to 4.47, z values: from -3.43 to -1.98, all P<0.05). Cox regression analysis showed that SDS (hazard ratio ( HR)=1.337, 95% CI: 1.114-1.604, P=0.002), SESV ( HR=1.019, 95% CI: 1.008-1.030, P<0.001) and LDLC ( HR=1.355, 95% CI: 1.049-1.749, P=0.020) were independent predictors associated with the risk of all-cause mortality in patients with FH. The optimal cut-off value of SESV for predicting mortality in patients with FH determined by ROC curve analysis was 35.5 ml, with the AUC of 0.701 (95% CI: 0.517-0.885). The incidence of all-cause mortality in the group with SESV≥35.5 ml was significantly higher than that in the group with SESV<35.5 ml (28.6% vs 6.9%; χ2=5.15, P=0.023). Conclusion:Stress+ rest G-MPI is an important imaging method for all-cause mortality risk assessment in patients with FH, and SDS, SESV and LDLC are important factors in predicting mortality in patients with FH.

Objective To observe the value of semi-quantitative parameters related to gated myocardial perfusion imaging(G-MPI)for predicting occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events(MACE)in patients with chronic kidney disease(CKD).Methods Totally 148 CKD patients who underwent rest G-MPI(R-GMPI)(R-GMPI group,n=95)or stress/rest G-MPI(S/R-GMPI)(S/R-GMPI group,n=53)were retrospectively included.The patients were categorized into MACE subgroup and non-MACE subgroup according to MACE occurred or not during follow-up.Clinical data and G-MPI parameters were compared between subgroups,and independent predictors of MACE in CKD patients were obtained using multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis.Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was drawn,the area under the curve(AUC)was calculated to assess the efficacy of each independent predictor for predicting MACE.Among patients who underwent only R-GMPI,the optimal cut-off value of each parameter for predicting MACE was obtained by ROC curve analysis,and the risk of MACE was stratified,then Kaplan-Meier curves were drawn and compared with log-rank test.Results Among 95 patients who underwent only R-GMPI,compared with non-MACE subgroup,those in MACE subgroup had smaller body mass index(BMI)and higher proportion of previous myocardial infarction and hemodialysis,as well as higher R-GMPI left ventricle end-diastolic volume(R-LVEDV),left ventricle end-systolic volume(R-LVESV),sum rest score(R-SRS)but lower left ventricle ejection fraction(R-LVEF)(all P＜0.05),while R-SRS(HR=1.068,95％CI[1.027,1.110])and R-LVESV(HR=1.011,95％CI[1.005,1.017])were both independent predictors for MACE(both P＜0.05).Among 53 patients who underwent S/R-GMPI,compared with non-MACE subgroup,those in MACE subgroup had with higher blood creatinine and lower estimated glomerular filtration rate(eGFR),higher S-LVESV,R-LVEDV,sum stress score(SSS),SRS and sum difference score(SDS)(all P＜0.05),and SDS(HR=1.454,95％CI[1.063,1.989])was an independent predictor for MACE(P＜0.05).Among 95 CKD patients who underwent only R-GMPI,AUC of R-SRS and R-LVESV alone for predicting MACE was 0.659 and 0.694,respectively,and higher incidence of MACE was found in those w ith R-SRS ≥8 points,also in those with R-LVESV ≥91 ml(both P＜0.05).Conclusion G-MPI could be used to evaluate myocardial perfusion and function in CKD patients.For CKD patients just underwent only R-GMPI,R-SRS and R-LVESV were independent predictors for MACE,whereas SDS might be utilized to predict MACE in CKD patients who could undergo S/R-GMPI.

Sex difference has shown in the arthritis diseases in human population and animal models. We investigate how the sex and symmetry vary among mouse models with different genomic backgrounds. Disease data of sex and limbs accumulated in the past more than two decades from four unique populations of murine arthritis models were analyzed. They are (1) interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) deficient mice under Balb/c background (Balb/c KO); (2) Mice with collagen II induced arthritis under DBA/1 background; (3) Mice with collagen II induced arthritis under C57BL/6 (B6) background and (4) A F2 generation population created by Balb/c KO X DBA/1 KO.Our data shows that there is a great variation in sexual dimorphism for arthritis incidence and severity of arthritis in mice harboring specific genetic modifications. For a F2 population, the incidence of arthritis was 57.1% in female mice and 75.6% in male mice. There was a difference in severity related to sex in two populations: B6.DR1/ B6.DR4 (P < 0.001) and F2 (P = 0.023) There was no difference Balb/c parental strain or in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in DBA/1 mice. Among these populations, the right hindlimbs are significantly higher than the scores for the left hindlimbs in males (P < 0.05). However, when examining disease expression using the collagen induced arthritis model with DBA/1 mice, sex-dimorphism did not reach statistical significance, while left hindlimbs showed a tendency toward greater disease expression over the right. Sexual dimorphism in disease expression in mouse models is strain and genomic background dependent. It sets an alarm that potential variation in sexual dimorphism among different racial and ethnic groups in human populations may exist. It is important to not only include both sexes and but also pay attention to possible variations caused by disease expression and response to treatment in all the studies of arthritis in animal models and human populations.

Objective: To investigate the epidemiology and hospitalization costs of pediatric community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in Shanghai. Methods: A retrospective case summary was conducted on 63 614 hospitalized children with CAP in 59 public hospitals in Shanghai from January 2018 to December 2020. These children's medical records, including their basic information, diagnosis, procedures, and costs, were extracted. According to the medical institutions they were admitted, the patients were divided into the children's hospital group, the tertiary general hospital group and the secondary hospital group; according to the age, they were divided into <1 year old group, 1-<3 years old group, 3-<6 years old group, 6-<12 years old group and 12-18 years old group; according to the CAP severity, they were divided into severe pneumonia group and non-severe pneumonia group; according to whether an operation was conducted, the patients were divided into the operation group and the non-operation group. The epidemiological characteristics and hospitalization costs were compared among the groups. The χ² test or Wilcoxon rank sum test was used for the comparisons between two groups as appropriate, and the Kruskal-Wallis H test was conducted for comparisons among multiple groups. Results: A total of 63 614 hospitalized children with CAP were enrolled, including 34 243 males and 29 371 females. Their visiting age was 4 (2, 6) years. The length of stay was 6 (5, 8) days. There were 17 974 cases(28.3%) in the secondary hospital group, 35 331 cases (55.5%) in the tertiary general hospital group and 10 309 cases (16.2%) in the children's hospital group. Compared with the hospitalizations cases in 2018 (27 943), the cases in 2019 (29 009) increased by 3.8% (1 066/27 943), while sharply declined by 76.2% (21 281/27 943) in 2020 (6 662). There were significant differences in the proportion of patients from other provinces and severe pneumonia cases, and the hospitalization costs among the children's hospital, secondary hospital and tertiary general hospital (7 146 cases(69.3%) vs. 2 202 cases (12.3%) vs. 9 598 cases (27.2%), 6 929 cases (67.2%) vs. 2 270 cases (12.6%) vs. 9 397 cases (26.6%), 8 304 (6 261, 11 219) vs. 1 882 (1 304, 2 796) vs. 3 195 (2 364, 4 352) CNY, χ²=10 462.50, 9 702.26, 28 037.23, all P<0.001). The annual total hospitalization costs of pediatric CAP from 2018 to 2020 were 110 million CNY, 130 million CNY and 40 million CNY, respectively. And the cost for each hospitalization increased year by year, which was 2 940 (1 939, 4 438), 3 215 (2 126, 5 011) and 3 673 (2 274, 6 975) CNY, respectively. There were also significant differences in the hospitalization expenses in the different age groups of <1 year old, 1-<3 years old, 3-<6 years old, 6-<12 years old and 12-18 years old (5 941 (2 787, 9 247) vs. 2 793 (1 803, 4 336) vs. 3 013 (2 070, 4 329) vs. 3 473 (2 400, 5 097) vs. 4 290 (2 837, 7 314) CNY, χ²=3 462.39, P<0.001). The hospitalization cost of severe pneumonia was significantly higher than that of non-severe cases (5 076 (3 250, 8 364) vs. 2 685 (1 780, 3 843) CNY, Z=109.77, P<0.001). The cost of patients who received operation was significantly higher than that of whom did not (10 040 (4 583, 14 308) vs. 3 083 (2 025, 4 747) CNY, Z=44.46, P<0.001). Conclusions: The number of children hospitalized with CAP in Shanghai decreased significantly in 2020 was significantly lower than that in 2018 and 2019.The proportion of patients from other provinces and with severe pneumonia are mainly admitted in children's hospitals. Hospitalization costs are higher in children's hospitals, and also for children younger than 1 year old, severe cases and patients undergoing operations.
Infant ; Female ; Male ; Humans ; Child ; Retrospective Studies ; China/epidemiology* ; Hospitalization ; Community-Acquired Infections/therapy* ; Hospitals, Pediatric ; Pneumonia/therapy*

The twenty-first century has already recorded more than ten major epidemics or pandemics of viral disease, including the devastating COVID-19. Novel effective antivirals with broad-spectrum coverage are urgently needed. Herein, we reported a novel broad-spectrum antiviral compound PAC5. Oral administration of PAC5 eliminated HBV cccDNA and reduced the large antigen load in distinct mouse models of HBV infection. Strikingly, oral administration of PAC5 in a hamster model of SARS-CoV-2 omicron (BA.1) infection significantly decreases viral loads and attenuates lung inflammation. Mechanistically, PAC5 binds to a pocket near Asp49 in the RNA recognition motif of hnRNPA2B1. PAC5-bound hnRNPA2B1 is extensively activated and translocated to the cytoplasm where it initiates the TBK1-IRF3 pathway, leading to the production of type I IFNs with antiviral activity. Our results indicate that PAC5 is a novel small-molecule agonist of hnRNPA2B1, which may have a role in dealing with emerging infectious diseases now and in the future.
Animals ; Mice ; Antiviral Agents/pharmacology* ; COVID-19 ; Hepatitis B virus ; Interferon Type I/metabolism* ; SARS-CoV-2/drug effects* ; Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein Group A-B/antagonists & inhibitors*