This paper reviews studies on the relationship between health insurance and health status both at home and abroad. First, we put forward three viewpoints on their relationship;Second, based on different data, we review the studies from three different perspectives; Third, we review the recent studies at home. The paper draws the conclusion as following:(1) most studies on observational data prove that there is relationship between health in-surance and health status. To establish the causal relationship between them, we must overcome the endogeneity of health insurance. ( 2 ) Different studies have different conclusions, which are caused by different methodology and subjects. (3)The conclusions cannot be generalized to whole populations. Future studies should focus on the effect of different health insurance on different populations.

Objectives: To study the apoptosis induced by homocysteine (Hcy) and the protective effects of folic acid, VE and Se. Methods: Inverted microscopy and MTT test were used to observe the protection of these nutrients on the cytotoxic effect of Hcy. DNA agarose gel electrophoresis and flow cytometry were used to observe the inhibition of these nutrients on the apoptosis induced by Hcy. The level of MDA, the activity of SOD and GSH-Px and the generation of active oxygen in cells were also measured to investigate the mechanism of the protective effects. Results: Significant effects of folic acid, VE and Se on the protection of cell damages and the inhibition of apoptosis induced by Hcy were observed. These protective effects may be the results of decreasing MDA in cells provided by folic acid, VE and Se, increasing the activity of SOD by folic acid, increasing the activity of GSH-Px by folic acid and Se, and decreasing the generation of active oxygen by VE. Conclusions: The protective effects of folic acid, VE and Se on the damage of ECV304 cell from Hcy and the inhibitive effect on apoptosis induced by Hcy might be in different mechanisms.

With the rapid development and wide application of forensic DNA technology, strict management and guidance are required. Conclusion could be gained the public and judge recognition, would be more scientiifc, accurate and convincing by using the standard operation. In recent years, forensic DNA standard technology has been rapid development, but there are still insuffcient. This paper will summarize the present situation and the existing problems of forensic DNA technology standards and prospects.

0.05),and was superior in group C than that in groups A and B(P0.05),and was superior in group C than that in groups A and B(P

Diet Therapy ; Feeding Behavior ; Humans ; Metabolic Diseases ; diet therapy

Child ; Child, Preschool ; Diarrhea ; virology ; Female ; Genotype ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Rotavirus ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Seasons

Objective To explore the influence of psychological first aid training on cognitive appraisal of sudden events in medical students.Methods A medical university undergraduate students were selected and divided into the training group(n=42) and the control group(n=53).The former was treated with 20 hours short-term targeted psychological first aid,and the latter was treated as blank control.The SAM and LMSQ were adopted to measure students' cognitive appraisal before and after the training.Results After the training,the training group gained significant differences (P＜ 0.05) in threat (11.95 ±3.17) vs (10.45±2.48)(t=2.426,P=0.020),challenge (12.64t2.84) vs (14.40±1.95)(t=-3.304,P=0.002),controllable-by-self (13.05±3.15) vs (14.93±2.00) (t=-3.240,P=0.002),controllable-by-others (12.40±3.10) vs (14.52±2.52) (t=-3.553,P=0.001),stressfulness (13.26±2.69) vs (12.00±1.96) (t=2.592,P=0.013) of SAM,and Physical threat ((23.88±7.59) vs (19.76±4.82),t=3.057,P=0.004) of LMSQ compared with before training.Other factors had no significant difference(P＞0.05).Compared with two groups,the training group gained significant increase(P＜0.05) on the score differences for SAM factors (challenge (t=-2.466,P=0.016),controllable-by-self (t=-2.557,P=0.012),controllable-by-others (t=-2.800,P=0.006)) than the control group,and significant reduction (P＜0.05) in physical threat (t=-2.308,P=0.023) of LMSQ.Conclusion Short-term targeted psychological first aid training has certain effects on changing cognitive appraisal about sudden events for medical students.

Objective To explore the clinical significance of urine transferrin testing in the diagnosis of early pregnancy-induced hypertension syndrome (PIH).Methods Sixty-eight PIH patients (PIH group) who received treatment from January 2012 to October 2013 were enrolled in this study.Mild PIH was 21 patients,midrange PIH was 24 patients and severe PIH was 23 patients.Meanwhile,68 cases of healthy person were selected as control group.The level of urine transferrin,urea and creatinine were compared between two groups.Results The level of urine transferrin,urea and creatinine in PIH group were significantly higher than those in control group[(3.01 ± 1.82) mg/L vs.(1.29 ± 0.88) mg/L,(13.12 ± 5.51) mmol/L vs.(6.23 ± 3.68) mmol/L,(135.5 ± 62.3) μ mol/L vs.(85.1 ± 38.2) μ mol/L] (P ＜ 0.05).The sensitivity of urine transferrin,urea and creatinine in mild PIH was 76.19％,61.90％,57.14％.In midrange PIH was 75.00％,79.17％,75.00％.In severe PIH was 78.26％,86.96％,73.91％.The specificity of urine transferrin,urea and creatinine was 80.65％,56.45％,58.06％.The sensitivity of different degree of PIH was exceeded 75.00％.The sensitivity of urine transferrin in mild PIH was significantly higher than urea and creatinine (P ＜ 0.05).But the sensitivity of urine transferrin in midrange PIH and severe PIH had no significant difference (P ＞ 0.05).The specificity of urine transferrin was significantly higher than urea and creatinine (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Urine transferrin is a good index in diagnosis of early PIH,which can reflect the early injury degree of the renal tubular and glomerular.It has active and important significance for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of PIH.

The time of six meridians diseases tending to be cured in Shang Han Lun (Treatise on Cold Diseases) is always one of the key points for study, but up till now no satisfied explanations are made. The authors try to study it on the basis of the theory of "three-yin and three-yang" according to the relationship between human body and the environment.

Objective To evaluate the relationship between the intestinal motility alterations and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 ( ICAM-1 ) expression within the rat intestinal muscularis after ischemia reperfusion. Methods Thirty Wistar rats were divided randomly into IIR, monoclanal anti-ICAM-1 and sham group (n = 10), HR models were established by clamping-releasing the superior mesenteric artery. Gut transit was measured in vivo and intestinal circular muscle contractions were measured in an organ bath. The expression of ICAM-1 mRNA was detected by RT-PCR and immunohistochemisty. Leukocyte infiltration and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were quantified in sham and ischemia/reperfusion rats with and without monoclonal anti-ICAM-1 antibody treatment. Results The gut transit of monoclonal anti-ICAM-1 group was improved obviously as compared with IIR group. Circular smooth muscle contractility stimulated by ICAM-1 mRNA expression was 1.69 ± 0. 57 and 1.76 ± 0. 32 within the muscularis; Leukocyte infiltration into the muscularis was (5.6 ±2. 2) c/f and ( 18. 2 ±3. 1 ) c/f. MPO activity was (2. 03 ±0. 56) U/g and (6. 41 ± 1.25 ) U/g respectively. The differences were all statistically significant between IIR and treatment groups ( P ＜ 0. 05 ). The expression of ICAM-1 protein in IIR and anti-ICAM-1 groups was not significantly different (P ＞ 0. 05). Conclusions The up-regulated expression of ICAM-1 after ⅡR injury calls forth local infiltration of PMN within the intestinal muscularis, leading to intestinal motility dysfunction.