Hemoglobin (Hb) concentration is a key clinical biomarker for diagnosing and managing anemia, ischemic stroke, perioperative blood loss, and chronic diseases such as renal failure. Traditional venous blood sampling remains the gold standard due to its high accuracy, but its invasive nature limits frequent testing, real time monitoring, and large scale screening. This has driven growing interest in non-invasive Hb detection technologies over the past decade. Among these, optical methods are the most promising because of their safety, potential for continuous monitoring, and compatibility with portable or wearable devices. This paper systematically reviews major advances in optical non invasive Hb detection from the last ten years. We focus on near-infrared spectroscopy branches—photoplethysmography (PPG) and dynamic spectrum (DS)—and also cover color analysis/RGB imaging, Raman spectroscopy, and photoacoustic spectroscopy. For each technology, we explain its detection principles, analyze advantages and limitations, and summarize optimization strategies reported in recent literature. PPG, based on pulsatile blood volume changes, underpins many commercial continuous monitors. However, its accuracy is constrained by motion artifacts, individual physiological variations (e.g., skin tone, tissue thickness), and low AC signal to noise ratio. In contrast, DS—an advanced derivative of PPG—uses a differential principle to extract absorbance changes between systolic and diastolic peaks. This theoretically eliminates interference from static tissues (skin, bone, venous blood) and common mode noise (e.g., ambient light), positioning DS as a more robust framework for high precision Hb quantification. Beyond spectral methods, color analysis/RGB imaging offers a hardware minimalist approach. By analyzing images of vascular rich, thin tissues (e.g., conjunctiva, nail beds, palms), it enables Hb estimation using smartphone cameras. Recent advances have shifted from manual RGB feature extraction to deep learning models and spectral super resolution that reconstruct hyperspectral data from RGB inputs, significantly improving screening accuracy. Our academic perspective emphasizes critical and integrative analysis. We highlight persistent challenges that hinder clinical translation: profound individual biological variability (skin optics, microvascular architecture), sensitivity to measurement conditions (pressure, ambient light), and a lack of standardized validation protocols and multi center trials. A central thesis is that no single optical method is universally superior; each involves trade offs between accuracy, complexity, cost, and practicality. Looking forward, we posit that the next performance leap will come from multimodal information fusion—combining PPG, electrocardiogram (ECG), bioimpedance, or different optical modalities to compensate for individual differences and environmental noise. AI and deep learning are essential not only for image analysis but also for automated, end to end feature extraction from complex waveforms like PPG sequences. Advancing hardware (tunable lasers, quantum dot LEDs, novel sensor designs) is crucial to improve signal fidelity and portability. Finally, we advocate for clinical scenario specific optimization and rigorous standardized evaluation frameworks to gain regulatory approval (e.g., FDA, NMPA) and achieve widespread clinical acceptance. In conclusion, this review synthesizes a decade of progress. Optical non-invasive Hb detection has evolved from proof of concept studies to emerging products and validated screening tools, but the journey toward reliable, clinic ready quantitative devices continues. The convergence of smarter algorithms, fused sensing modalities, and focused clinical validation offers the most promising path to transform this potential into routine medical practice, ultimately enabling personalized, continuous, and accessible hematological management.

This paper summarizes the progress of theoretical research and practice of One Health in China,and discusses the paradigm of One Health governance to improve the prevention and control of infectious diseases in China and the world,and provide an example for the improvement of the public health system.In particular,China has long history to apply the concept of One Health in the national schistosomiasis control programmes and patriotic health campaigns,which were not only focusing on human health,but also emphasizing the sustainable development of animal health and ecological environment.At the same time,the application of tools such as system dynamics model,eDNA technology,One Health economic assessment and global One Health index(GOHI)in the field of disease control and environmental health provides technical support for the concept of One Health.Despite the challenges of practical application of these tools,the One Health concept will play a greater role in providing sustainable solutions for human-animal-environmental health by strengthening interdisciplinary collaboration,improving standardization protocols and promoting inter-national cooperation.

Aim To investigate the effect of curcumol(Cur)on apoptosis in senescent Hep3B cells induced by XL413.Methods XL413 induced a senescence model in Hep3B cells.Cur intervention was adminis-tered.CCK-8 and Incucyte? assays were used to eval-uate cell proliferation.Senescence-associated beta-gal-actosidase(SA-β-gal)staining was performed to assess cellular senescence.Flow cytometry was employed to detect apoptosis.RT-qPCR was conducted to measure the mRNA expression levels of senescence-associated secretory phenotype(SASP)factors IL-6,IL-8,and CXCL10.Western blot was performed to assess the ex-pression levels of p16,PI3K,p-PI3K,Akt,p-AKT,Bax,and Bcl-2.The ratios of p-PI3K/PI3K,p-Akt/Akt,and Bcl-2/Bax were calculated.Results Fol-lowing XL413 intervention,the proportion of SA-β-gal-positive cells and the expression of p16 protein signifi-cantly increased compared to the control group(P＜0.05),suggesting the successful establishment of the cell senescence model.CCK-8 assay showed that the IC50 values of Cur intervention in Hep3B cells at 24 h,48 h,and 72 h were 106.40 μmol·L-1,54.67 μmol·L-1,and 31.87 μmol·L-1,respectively.Incucy-te? cell proliferation assay demonstrated that the cell proliferation rate was significantly lower in the XL413 group compared to that in the control group(P＜0.05),and further decreased after Cur intervention(P＜0.05)in a concentration-dependent manner.The proportion of apoptotic cells in the Cur group was sig-nificantly higher than that in the XL413 group(P＜0.05),also exhibiting concentration dependence.Cur intervention led to a significant reduction in IL-6,IL-8,CXCL10 mRNA expression levels,as well as p-PI3K/PI3K and p-AKT/AKT ratios compared to the XL413 group(P＜0.05),with a concentration-de-pendent effect.The expression of Bax protein increased(P＜0.05),while Bcl-2 protein expression decreased and the Bcl-2/Bax ratio decreased(P＜0.05)in the Cur group,showing a dose-dependent effect.Conclu-sions Cur has been shown to clear XL413-induced senescent Hep3B cells,reduce their SASP expression and promote apoptosis.The underlying mechanism may be related to the inhibition of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

Excessive fat accumulation,viral infections and sustained inflammatory responses caused by non-alcoholic and alcoholic factors can contribute to liver inflammation,fibrosis and carcinogenesis,promoting the development of chronic liver disease.Gaining an in-depth understanding of the etiologic factors and underlying mechanisms that lead to chronic liver disease can help identify potential therapeutic targets for targeted therapy.Lactate,as an important substance in hepatic metabolism,has been found to be involved in the process of chronic liver disease through various pathways,and this review will provide a useful reference for the prevention and treatment of chronic liver disease.

Aim To investigate the effect of curcumol(Cur)on apoptosis in senescent Hep3B cells induced by XL413.Methods XL413 induced a senescence model in Hep3B cells.Cur intervention was adminis-tered.CCK-8 and Incucyte? assays were used to eval-uate cell proliferation.Senescence-associated beta-gal-actosidase(SA-β-gal)staining was performed to assess cellular senescence.Flow cytometry was employed to detect apoptosis.RT-qPCR was conducted to measure the mRNA expression levels of senescence-associated secretory phenotype(SASP)factors IL-6,IL-8,and CXCL10.Western blot was performed to assess the ex-pression levels of p16,PI3K,p-PI3K,Akt,p-AKT,Bax,and Bcl-2.The ratios of p-PI3K/PI3K,p-Akt/Akt,and Bcl-2/Bax were calculated.Results Fol-lowing XL413 intervention,the proportion of SA-β-gal-positive cells and the expression of p16 protein signifi-cantly increased compared to the control group(P＜0.05),suggesting the successful establishment of the cell senescence model.CCK-8 assay showed that the IC50 values of Cur intervention in Hep3B cells at 24 h,48 h,and 72 h were 106.40 μmol·L-1,54.67 μmol·L-1,and 31.87 μmol·L-1,respectively.Incucy-te? cell proliferation assay demonstrated that the cell proliferation rate was significantly lower in the XL413 group compared to that in the control group(P＜0.05),and further decreased after Cur intervention(P＜0.05)in a concentration-dependent manner.The proportion of apoptotic cells in the Cur group was sig-nificantly higher than that in the XL413 group(P＜0.05),also exhibiting concentration dependence.Cur intervention led to a significant reduction in IL-6,IL-8,CXCL10 mRNA expression levels,as well as p-PI3K/PI3K and p-AKT/AKT ratios compared to the XL413 group(P＜0.05),with a concentration-de-pendent effect.The expression of Bax protein increased(P＜0.05),while Bcl-2 protein expression decreased and the Bcl-2/Bax ratio decreased(P＜0.05)in the Cur group,showing a dose-dependent effect.Conclu-sions Cur has been shown to clear XL413-induced senescent Hep3B cells,reduce their SASP expression and promote apoptosis.The underlying mechanism may be related to the inhibition of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

Excessive fat accumulation,viral infections and sustained inflammatory responses caused by non-alcoholic and alcoholic factors can contribute to liver inflammation,fibrosis and carcinogenesis,promoting the development of chronic liver disease.Gaining an in-depth understanding of the etiologic factors and underlying mechanisms that lead to chronic liver disease can help identify potential therapeutic targets for targeted therapy.Lactate,as an important substance in hepatic metabolism,has been found to be involved in the process of chronic liver disease through various pathways,and this review will provide a useful reference for the prevention and treatment of chronic liver disease.

This paper summarizes the progress of theoretical research and practice of One Health in China,and discusses the paradigm of One Health governance to improve the prevention and control of infectious diseases in China and the world,and provide an example for the improvement of the public health system.In particular,China has long history to apply the concept of One Health in the national schistosomiasis control programmes and patriotic health campaigns,which were not only focusing on human health,but also emphasizing the sustainable development of animal health and ecological environment.At the same time,the application of tools such as system dynamics model,eDNA technology,One Health economic assessment and global One Health index(GOHI)in the field of disease control and environmental health provides technical support for the concept of One Health.Despite the challenges of practical application of these tools,the One Health concept will play a greater role in providing sustainable solutions for human-animal-environmental health by strengthening interdisciplinary collaboration,improving standardization protocols and promoting inter-national cooperation.

Objective:To explore the role of NK cells in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell micro-transplantation(MST)in the treatment of patients with acute myeloid leukemia(AML).Methods:Data from 93 AML patients treated with MST at our center from 2013-2018 were retrospectively analyzed.The induction regimen was anthracycline and cytarabine combined with peripheral blood stem cells transplantation mobilization by granulocyte colony stimulating factor(GPBSC),followed by 2-4 courses of intensive treatment with medium to high doses of cytarabine combined with GPBSC after achieving complete remission(CR).The therapeutic effects of one and two courses of MST induction therapy on 42 patients who did not reach CR before transplantation were evaluated.Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to analyze the impact of donor NK cell dose and KIR genotype,including KIR ligand mismatch,2DS1,haplotype,and HLA-Cw ligands on survival prognosis of patients.Results:Forty-two patients received MST induction therapy,and the CR rate was 57.1％after 1 course and 73.7％after 2 courses.Multivariate analysis showed that,medium and high doses of NK cells was significantly associated with improved disease-free survival(DFS)of patients(HR=0.27,P=0.005;HR=0.21,P=0.001),and high doses of NK cells was significantly associated with improved overall survival(OS)of patients(HR=0.15,P=0.000).Donor 2DS1 positive significantly increases OS of patients(HR=0.25,P=0.011).For high-risk patients under 60 years old,patients of the donor-recipient KIR ligand mismatch group had longer DFS compared to the nonmismatch group(P=0.036);donor 2DS1 positive significantly prolonged OS of patients(P=0.009).Conclusion:NK cell dose,KIR ligand mismatch and 2DS1 influence the therapeutic effect of MST,improve the survival of AML patients.

DPP4 is a serine exopeptidase that is immobilized on the cell membrane and plays a crucial regulatory role in various physiological and pathological activities within the human body.In addition to acting as a transcription factor to regulate the tran-scription and expression of downstream target genes,DPP4 also functions as a transcription-independent regulator through pro-tein-protein interactions.In recent studies,DPP4 has been strongly linked to various diseases,and several substances with the potential to target DPP4 have been identified.This paper mainly reviews the multifunctionality of DPP4 in regulating vari-ous aspects of energy metabolism,inflammation,tissue repair and carcinogenesis in the body.It also reviews the screening of in vitro inhibitors of DPP4 and its research progress in regulating chronic liver disease,based on the pathological development process of chronic liver disease.

Objective To elucidate the effect of curcumol on hepatic stellate cell iron death and epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT),and to investigate the molecular mechanism of its anti-liver fibrosis effect.Methods A model of hepatic stellate cell activation was constructed using normal cultured hepatic stellate cells in vitro,and the cells were divided into blank group and experimental-L,-M,-H groups.The blank group was given DMEM complete culture solution for normal culture;the experimental-L,-M,-H groups were given DMEM complete culture solution containing 12.5,25.0 and 50.0 mg·L-1 curcumol for 48 h of intervention.The effects of curcumol on the proliferation of hepatic stellate cells was observed by CCK-8.The expression levels of glutathione peroxidase 4(GPX4)and solute carrier family 7 member 11(SLC7A11)were detected by Western blot.The expression levels of E-cadherin and N-cadherin were detected by immunofluorescence.Results The cell proliferation rates of the experimental-M,-H groups and blank group were(68.97±5.61)％,(61.91±4.40)％and(118.07±10.01)％;the relative expression levels of GPX4 were 0.37±0.04,0.28±0.03 and 0.58±0.05;the relative expression levels of SLC7A11 were 0.38±0.04,0.28±0.03 and 0.60±0.05;E-cadherin levels were 6.76±1.09,9.57±1.73 and 2.05±0.72;N-cadherin levels were 5.66±0.66,3.44±0.78 and 10.37±0.66.The differences of above indicators were statistically significant between the blank group and the experimental-M,-H groups(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).Conclusion Curcumol promotes iron death in hepatic stellate cells,thereby inhibiting hepatic stellate cell EMT,which may be its molecular mechanism to prevent and treat liver fibrosis.