Objective: To explore the application and affecting factors of clopidogrel loading therapy in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in china in 2006 and 2011. Methods: Based on “China patient-centered evaluative assessment of cardiac events retrospective study of acute myocardial infarction”, we collected clinical information of STEMI patients with PCI in 2006, 2011 and analyzed clopidogrel loading therapy status in different years and different hospitals. According to clopidogrel doses, the patients were divided into 2 groups: Clopidogrel 300mg group, the patients received a single dose of clopidogrel ≥300mg while <450mg and Clopidogrel 600mg group, the patients received a single dose of clopidogrel ≥450mg while ≤600mg. The relevant factors affecting clopidogrel loading therapy status were identiifed by binary Logistic regression analysis. Results: A total of 2481 eligible patients were enrolled and their mean age was (60.9 ± 12.0) years including 21.4%female. From 2006 to 2011, the overall application of clopidogrel loading was (51.0% vs 47.4%), the ratio for patients in Clopidogrel 300mg group was (43.1% vs 39.2%), in Clopidogrel 600mg group was (7.8% vs 8.2%), allP>0.05. In 2006, the hospital median rate of clopidogerl application was 44.4% (IQR 21.8% to 69.0%) and in 2011, it was 48.1% (IQR 25.0% to 70.8%),P=0.940. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that the patients were admitted within 12 hours of onset, with primary PCI and treated in central region had the higher rates of clopidogrel loading therapy. Conclusion: Clopidogrel loading therapy was seriously inadequate in STEMI patients with PCI, variation was across hospitals and the status was similar between 2006 and 2011. Clopidogrel loading therapy should be improved.

Objective:To understand the behavior and cognition status of clinical nurses and patients or family members on the evidence related to nursing of contact irritant dermatitis around ileal cystostomy, so as to provide the basis for the establishment of evidence-based practice plan for the nursing of contact irritant dermatitis around ileal cystostomy.Methods:The observation method was used to observe nursing behaviors for ileum cystostomy in 48 nurses and 25 patients or family members. Questionnaire survey was used to investigate the knowledge of contact irritant dermatitis around ileal cystostomy in nurses and patients.Results:The execution rate of clinical application of nursing evidence related to contact irritant dermatitis around ileal cystostomy was 0 to 96.0%. The average score of clinical nurses' knowledge about contact irritant dermatitis around ileal cystostomy was (57.86±11.49) , and the score ranged from 25 to 85. There were statistically significant differences in scores of nursing knowledge of contact irritant dermatitis around ileal cystostomy between nurses who received special training and those who did not ( P<0.05) . The awareness rate of patients in nursing knowledge of contact irritant dermatitis around ileal cystostomy was 0 to 96.0%. Conclusions:There is still a gap between the clinical status and evidence of contact irritant dermatitis around ileal cystostomy. Clinical nurses cannot well identify contact irritant dermatitis around ileal cystostomy and risk factors. The management measures for contact irritant dermatitis around ileal cystostomy are relatively limited and lack of pertinence, and even fail to provide effective nursing measures. It is suggested to establish a standardized procedure related to contact irritant dermatitis around ileal cystostomy in clinical practice and conduct special training for it, so as to reduce its incidence and improve the effectiveness of relevant nursing measures.

Objective: To analyze and compare the difference in volatile components in Achyranthesbidentatae Radix, salt-pro-cessed product of Achyranthes bidentatae Radix and wine-processed product of Achyranthes bidentatae Radix. Methods:Headspace sol-id-phase microextraction ( HS-SPME) was used to extract the volatile components from Achyranthes bidentatae Radix and the two pro-cessed product of Achyranthes bidentatae radix. The chemical compositions were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ( GC-MS) , and their relative mass fraction of each component was determined by an area normalization method. Results:A total of 38 chemical components were identified, and 23, 16 and 15 components were respectively identified from Achyranthes bidentatae Radix, the salt-processed product of Achyranthes bidentatae Radix and the wine-processed product of Achyranthes bidentatae Radix accounted for 79. 14%, 49. 80% and 44. 57% of the total content of volatile components, respectively. There were 4 types of common volatile chemical constituents in the three products. Compared with Achyranthes bidentatae Radix, 10 types of new compounds were produced and 17 types of old compounds disappeared in the salt-processed product, and 9 types of new compounds were produced and 17 types of old compounds disappeared in the wine-processed product. Conclusion:Different processing methods have some influence on the type and the content of the volatile components in Achyranthes bidentatae Radix. Using HS-SPME-GC-MS combination technique can quickly and effectively obtain the volatile components information for Achyranthes bidentatae Radix, which can provide scientific reference for the quality evaluation and application of the processed products of Achyranthes bidentatae Radix.

Objective: To analyze and compare the difference in volatile components in Achyranthesbidentatae Radix, salt-pro-cessed product of Achyranthes bidentatae Radix and wine-processed product of Achyranthes bidentatae Radix. Methods:Headspace sol-id-phase microextraction ( HS-SPME) was used to extract the volatile components from Achyranthes bidentatae Radix and the two pro-cessed product of Achyranthes bidentatae radix. The chemical compositions were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ( GC-MS) , and their relative mass fraction of each component was determined by an area normalization method. Results:A total of 38 chemical components were identified, and 23, 16 and 15 components were respectively identified from Achyranthes bidentatae Radix, the salt-processed product of Achyranthes bidentatae Radix and the wine-processed product of Achyranthes bidentatae Radix accounted for 79. 14%, 49. 80% and 44. 57% of the total content of volatile components, respectively. There were 4 types of common volatile chemical constituents in the three products. Compared with Achyranthes bidentatae Radix, 10 types of new compounds were produced and 17 types of old compounds disappeared in the salt-processed product, and 9 types of new compounds were produced and 17 types of old compounds disappeared in the wine-processed product. Conclusion:Different processing methods have some influence on the type and the content of the volatile components in Achyranthes bidentatae Radix. Using HS-SPME-GC-MS combination technique can quickly and effectively obtain the volatile components information for Achyranthes bidentatae Radix, which can provide scientific reference for the quality evaluation and application of the processed products of Achyranthes bidentatae Radix.

Objective:To analyze the volatile components in Violae herba and its mixed product Corydalis bungeanae herba, and distinguish Violae herba from Corydalis bungeanae herba. Methods:The volatile constituents in Violae herba and Corydalis bungeanae herba were extracted by solid phase micro-extraction(SPME),and then analyzed by GC-MS. Results:A total of 62 constituents were detected out,and among them,42 compounds were identified, which mainly were olefins, ketones and aldehydes. Totally 43 peaks were isolated from Violae herba,and among them,28 components were identified, which accounted for 66.93% of the total volatile oil. Totally 22 peaks were isolated from Corydalis bungeanae herba,and among them,17 components were identified,which accounted for 97.02% of the total volatile oil. Conclusion:The volatile components in Violae herba and its mixed product are different in their peak types of total ion chromatograms and chemical compositions with only three same components in total. The highest content of the volatile components in Violae herba is 2-pentanoyl furan (18.01%), and that in Corydalis bungeanae herba is 1-caryophyllene (46. 06%). This test method is fast and stable,which can be used to distinguish Violae herba from Corydalis bungeanae herba.

Objective:To analyze the components of volatile oil in artemisiae argyi folium from different habitats to provide refer-ence for the quality evaluation in artemisiae argyi folium from different areas. Methods:The volatile oil of artemisiae argyi folium was extracted by steam distillation,and the components of volatile oil were analyzed and identified by GC-MS. The relative percentage of each component of volatile oil in artemisiae argyi folium from different habitats was calculated by area normalization method. The com-ponent contents of volatile oil in artemisiae argyi folium produced in Qichun and some other areas were analyzed by stechiometry. Re-sults:A total of 155 components were identified,mainly including compounds of ketones,olefins and alcohols,and the volatile compo-nents of artemisiae argyi folium from different areas were different. The quality of artemisiae argyi folium produced in Qichun was the best. Conclusion:The quality of volatile oil in artemisiae argyi folium produced in Qichun Hubei is better than that produced in other areas. The components of volatile oil in artemisiae argyi folium in the same habitat are also different. The different varieties of artemisi-ae argyi folium need to be further distinguished.

Objective: To establish an HPLC fingerprint of Caryophylli flos. to provide reference for the overall quality evaluation of the herb. Methods: The fingerprint of Caryophylli flos. was established by HPLC, and eugenol was used as the reference peak for the exploration of HPLC conditions. The fingerprint of Caryophylli flos. was established with acetonitrile-0. 2% phosphoric acid as the mobile phase with gradient elution. Results: A total of 17 characteristic common peaks were obtained by HPLC analysis, and among them, five common constituents including eugenol, ferulic acid, quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin were calibrated. The similari-ties of chromatographic fingerprint of Caryophylli flos. from 10 different origins were above 0. 900, which was in line with the basic re-quirement of fingerprint similarity evaluation. Conclusion: The study provides experimental basis for improving the quality evaluation system of Caryophylli flos. , and provides reference for a comprehensive quality assessment of Caryophylli flos. .

Objective: To analyze and compare the volatile components in Smilax glabra Robx. and its adulterant Smilax china L. . Methods: The volatile components in Smilax glabra Robx. and Smilax china L. were analyzed by head space solid phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ( GC-MS). The relative percentage of each component was calculated by area normalization method. Results: Totally 24 components were detected out from Smilax glabra Robx. , and among them, 20 components were identified, which accounted for 97. 04% of the volatile components. Totally 21 components were detected out from Smilax china L. , and among them, 15 components were identified, which accounted for 77. 76% of the volatile components. Conclusion: The composition and content of volatile components in Smilax glabra Robx. and its adulterant Smilax china L. are differ-ent. The method can provide scientific basis for the identification of Smilax glabra Robx. and its adulterants.

In recent years ，biomimetic nanodelivery system based on cell membrane coating has developed rapidly and shows better biocompatibility and efficacy than traditional nanodelivery systems in a variety of diseases . Macrophages，as members of the immune system ，are closely related to the occurrence and development of a variety of diseases . Macrophages are derived from monocytes and can be polarized into M 1 and M 2 types after corresponding stimulation ： M1 macrophages involved in the proinflammatory reaction and M 2 macrophages involved in the inflammatory reaction . This paper reviews the application status of biomimetic nanoparticles coated with macrophage membrane in disease targeted therapy in recent years . Biomimetic nanoparticles coated with macrophage membrane has shown its high targeting and low immunogenicity in the treatment of malignant tumors （breast cancer ，colorectal cancer ，melanoma，glioma），Alzheimer’s disease ，liver ischemia -reperfusion injury ，atherosclerosis and so on . However，the research of Biomimetic nanoparticles coated with macrophage membrane currently focuses on anti -tumor research and is still in the laboratory research stage .