Hygroscopicity research has long been a key focus and hot topic in Chinese materia medica（CMM）. Elucidating hygroscopic mechanisms plays a vital role in formulation design， process optimization， and storage condition selection. Hygroscopic models serve as essential tools for characterizing CMM hygroscopic mechanisms， with various types available. The double exponential model is a kinetic mathematical model constructed based on the law of conservation of energy and Fick's first law of diffusion， tailored to the physical properties of CMM extracts. In recent years， this model has been extensively applied to simulate the dynamic moisture absorption behavior of CMM extracts and solid dosage forms under varying humidity conditions. It has revealed the correlation between moisture absorption kinetic parameters and material properties， offering a new perspective for characterizing the moisture uptake behavior of CMM. This paper systematically reviews the application progress of this model in the field of CMM， analyzes its advantages， disadvantages， and challenges in this domain， and explores its potential application trends in other fields. It aims to provide references for elucidating the moisture absorption mechanisms of CMM and researching moisture-proofing technologies， while also offering insights for its broader application in food and polymer materials.

ObjectiveBased on the clinical characteristics of chronic gouty arthritis （CGA） in both traditional Chinese and western medicine， this study aims to systematically evaluate the clinical concordance of existing CGA animal models， providing recommendations for establishing animal models that align with the pathological characteristics of CGA and the manifestations of traditional Chinese medicine syndromes. MethodsBy comprehensively retrieving Chinese and international databases such as China National Knowledge Infrastructure， Wanfang， VIP Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database （VIP）， and PubMed， all relevant literature on CGA animal models was collected. Based on the guidelines， the diagnostic criteria of both traditional Chinese and western medicine were summarized and organized. The evaluation indicators for the CGA model were constructed with reference to existing evaluation modes， and the CGA animal models were analyzed to systematically evaluate the clinical concordance of existing models. ResultsThe current methods used to construct CGA animal models mainly include monosodium urate crystal induction， high-protein diet induction （poultry lack urate oxidase）， and high-fat diet combined with urate oxidase inhibitors and joint injection. Based on 11 pieces of included literature， the traditional Chinese and western medicine scoring data of each model were extracted， and the average scoring values of all models were ultimately calculated. The results show that the average clinical concordances of existing CGA animal models in both traditional Chinese and western medicine are 43.33% and 64.44%， respectively. Among them， the model with the highest clinical concordance rate is the one with a high-fat diet combined with potassium oxonate to induce hyperuricemia plus joint injection， achieving 83.33% clinical concordance in western medicine and 60% in traditional Chinese medicine. This model aligns well with the pathogenic characteristics and pathological changes of clinical CGA. ConclusionAlthough current CGA animal models can simulate some pathological characteristics of CGA， they struggle to comprehensively reflect the complex pathological processes of CGA and the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine syndromes. Therefore， in the future， it is necessary to establish the CGA animal models that incorporate the clinical disease and syndrome characteristics of traditional Chinese and western medicine and formulate the uniform model evaluation criteria， providing more precise tools for CGA mechanism research and the development of traditional Chinese medicine.

Background Environmental metal exposure is closely associated with the onset and progression of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in the elderly. Effectively identifying hazardous metal exposure and assessing their interaction effects have significant public health implications. Objective To explore the relationship between urinary single metal and metal mixture exposure and MCI in elderly compound residents. Methods This study included 391 elderly individuals aged 60 and above from residential compounds in Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province. Concentrations of iron (Fe), copper (Cu), selenium (Se), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), vanadium (V), cobalt (Co), antimony (Sb), thallium (Tl), zinc (Zn), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) in urine were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Cognitive function in the elderly was assessed using the Chinese version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Logistic regression was used to explore the relationship between single metal exposure level and MCI. LASSO regression and multi-metal logistic regression models were used to identify key metal ions associated with MCI. Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) was employed to analyze the relationship between key metal ion mixtures and MCI, as well as the interactions between metals. Age, gender, education level, occupation, and body mass index were adjusted as covariates. Results A total of 78 among the 391 elderly individuals surveyed (19.94%) were diagnosed with MCI (MCI group), and the other 313 individuals were controls. The levels of Se, Cd, Mn, and As in the urine of the MCI group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). In the single-metal model, after adjusting for covariates and using the first quartile (Q₁) of each metal concentration as the reference, the OR for MCI in the elderly in the Q₄ group of Se was 2.190 (95%CI: 1.017, 4.716); for Cd, the OR was 2.345 (95%CI: 1.041, 5.283) in the Q₃ group and 2.371 (95%CI: 1.043, 5.393) in the Q₄ group; for Mn, the OR was 2.355 (95%CI: 1.038, 5.344) in the Q₂ group; for As, the OR was 3.377 (95%CI: 1.442, 7.908) in the Q₃ group and 2.886 (95%CI: 1.227, 6.788) in the Q₄ group; for Sb, the OR was 2.779 (95%CI: 1.234, 6.257) in the Q₂ group. When urinary metal concentrations were ln-transformed and included as continuous variables in the single-metal model, Cd concentration was positively correlated with MCI (OR=1.377; 95%CI: 1.008, 1.882; P=0.044). Cd, Se, Mg, Ca, Mn, As, Cr, Co, Tl, and Sb were selected by the LASSO regression model and included in the multi-metal model. In the multi-metal model, compared with Q₁, the OR for MCI in the elderly was 0.395 (95%CI: 0.164, 0.953) in the Q₂ group of Co and 0.390(95%CI: 0.167，0.911) in the Q₃ group of Co; for Mn, the OR in the Q₂ group was 2.636 (95%CI: 1.053, 6.596); for Sb, the OR in the Q₂ group was 2.640 (95%CI: 1.047, 6.658). As continuous variables, Mg (OR=0.472; 95%CI: 0.248, 0.899; P=0.022) and Co (OR=0.857; 95%CI: 0.737, 0.996; P=0.044) concentrations were negatively correlated with MCI. The BKMR mixture analysis suggested that Mg and Co exhibited a synergistic negative correlation with MCI, while Mn and Sb exhibited a synergistic positive correlation with MCI. Mg and Co attenuated the positive correlation of Mn and Sb with MCI, whereas Mn weakened the protective effects of Mg and Co. Conclusion Elevated levels of Se, Cd, As, Mn, and Sb in urine may increase the risk of MCI in the elderly, while Mg and Co have protective effects. Potential synergistic or antagonistic interactions may be found among Mn, Sb, Mg, and Co, which should not be overlooked in terms of their impact on the cognitive function of the elderly.

Objective: To summarize strategies for improving childhood hypertension, so as to provide evidencebased recommendations for poliymaking and practice childhood hypertension management in China. Methods: From March to April 2024, child health stakeholders from five districts in Hangzhou were selected using a combination of stratified and convenience sampling methods. Data were analyzed using a groundedtheory approach. During the indepth interview phase, six policymakers were interviewed. Focus group discussions were conducted with school administrators, healthcare providers, and parents, comprising a total of 62 participants. Results: Through threelevel coding, 116 initial categories were identified(e.g., "trend of younger age" "difficulty in behavior change"), 35 main categories (e.g., "higher incidence compared to the past" "caused by comprehensive influencing factors"), and 12 core categories (e.g., "epidemic status" "influencing factors"). Finally, the cognitive status, problem analysis, and management strategies of children hypertension were constructed. Conclusion Effective prevention and control of childhood hypertension requires coordinated efforts among governments, schools, families, and society to establish a comprehensive management system, with dynamic monitoring and evaluation to optimize policy implementation.

Neurogenic bladder(NB)is one of the most challenging urinary system disorders,with spinal cord injury(SCI)being an important etiological factor.Animal models provide crucial tools for investigating the pathogenesis,therapeutic strategies,and novel drug screening for NB subsequent to SCI.We reviewed and synthesized recent literature on NB animal models after SCI from both domestic and international sources.This review summarizes and analyzes research advancements using these models in terms of animal species,SCI segments,modeling techniques,and evaluation indicators,with the aim of offering insights and guidance for future experimental research based on animal models of NB following SCI.

Nanchang University and Queen Mary University of London have integrated their educational and teaching advantageous resources to establish a Sino-foreign cooperative clinical medicine program in China. The program awards the degrees of Bachelor of Science in Biomedical Sciences and Bachelor of Clinical Medicine, aiming to cultivate well-rounded medical talents with both clinical and scientific research capabilities and an international perspective. By introducing biomedical courses and integrating them with basic medical courses, the program emphasizes basic knowledge, practical training, active learning, and the cultivation of scientific research skills and critical thinking ability. The evaluation parameters include academic output, innovation competitions, and the number of students pursuing graduate education. The results showed substantial increases in the number of SCI academic articles published by students in this program, the number of awards in innovation competitions, and the number of students pursuing graduate education. This program is a new attempt in the reform of medical education in China.

Neurogenic bladder(NB)is one of the most challenging urinary system disorders,with spinal cord injury(SCI)being an important etiological factor.Animal models provide crucial tools for investigating the pathogenesis,therapeutic strategies,and novel drug screening for NB subsequent to SCI.We reviewed and synthesized recent literature on NB animal models after SCI from both domestic and international sources.This review summarizes and analyzes research advancements using these models in terms of animal species,SCI segments,modeling techniques,and evaluation indicators,with the aim of offering insights and guidance for future experimental research based on animal models of NB following SCI.

Objective:To investigate the impact of olanzapine and risperidone on the cognitive function, sensory gating function and clinical symptoms of patients with first-episode schizophrenia(FES).Additionally, to analyze the correlation between sensory gating inhibitory deficits and cognitive impairment in FES patients.Methods:A total of 71 FES patients were selected in the Third People's Hospital of Zhongshan City from March 2023 to March 2024, and 60 healthy controls were recruited during the same period.The FES patients were divided into olanzapine group and risperidone group by random number table.Olanzapine group was treated with variable doses of olanzapine(10-20 mg/d), and risperidone group was treated with variable doses of risperidone(3-6 mg/d).The MATRICS consensus cognitive battery(MCCB) was used to evaluate the cognitive function of the patients, P50 index was measured by auditory paired condition-stimulus paradigm, and the efficacy was evaluated by positive and negative syndrome scale(PANSS) score reduction rate before and after 6 weeks of treatment.Healthy controls were assessed cognitive function only once with P50.SPSS 25.0 software was used for data processing. Perform statistical analysis using paired sample t-test, Wilcoxon signed rank test, independent sample t-test, Mann Whitney U test, χ2 test and generalized linear model. Results:Before treatment, the S2 amplitude of FES (1.74 (0.91, 2.79) μV) was higher than that of healthy controls (1.70 (1.04, 2.71) μV) (Wald χ2=4.483, P=0.034), the S2/S1 ratio of FES (0.58 (0.43, 0.78)) was higher than that of healthy controls (0.41 (0.31, 0.57)) (Wald χ2=10.909, P=0.001), and the difference of FES amplitude of S1-S2 was (1.22 (0.43, 1.92) μV) was lower than that of healthy controls (2.23 (1.54, 3.07) μV) (Wald χ2=17.679, P<0.001). There was no significant difference in PANSS, MCCB and P50 between olanzapine group and risperidone group before treatment (all P>0.05). After treatment, there was no significant difference in response rate between the two groups ( χ2=0.059, P=0.808), the PANSS scores were lower than those before treatment, the MCCB test results were higher than those before treatment (both P<0.05), and the P50 results were not statistically significant different compared with those before treatment (both P>0.05). The generalized linear model showed that the S1, S2 amplitude of the P50 had positive impact on the connection test score in the MCCB test ( β=0.466, P=0.020; β=0.879, P=0.009), other indicators were not found to have an impact on the test scores of the MCCB test (all P>0.05). Conclusion:Olanzapine and risperidone can significantly improve the cognitive function of FES, but the improvement of sensory gating deficits is limited. The pathogenic mechanism of sensory gating inhibitory deficits in FES may be different from that of cognitive dysfunction.

Nanchang University and Queen Mary University of London have integrated their educational and teaching advantageous resources to establish a Sino-foreign cooperative clinical medicine program in China. The program awards the degrees of Bachelor of Science in Biomedical Sciences and Bachelor of Clinical Medicine, aiming to cultivate well-rounded medical talents with both clinical and scientific research capabilities and an international perspective. By introducing biomedical courses and integrating them with basic medical courses, the program emphasizes basic knowledge, practical training, active learning, and the cultivation of scientific research skills and critical thinking ability. The evaluation parameters include academic output, innovation competitions, and the number of students pursuing graduate education. The results showed substantial increases in the number of SCI academic articles published by students in this program, the number of awards in innovation competitions, and the number of students pursuing graduate education. This program is a new attempt in the reform of medical education in China.

Promoting the international acceptance of clinical studies about traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) interventions is a key strategy for internationalization of TCM. However, the complexities of TCM interventions—in terms of the theories, practice patterns, and components—pose challenges to the design and implementation of clinical studies that are well accepted by the international community. This article summarized the current status of clinical studies about TCM interventions that were published in international journals, explored underlying barriers hindering the international acceptance, and discussed potential strategies for future development.