ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) is an important endogenous damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP). P2X7R is an ATP-gated cation channel. ATP-P2X7R plays a vital role in the pathophysiology of many diseases because P2X7R is distributed on various immune cells. ATP-P2X7R signal transduction pathway has been implicated to participate in the body's im-mune defense against pathogens. This paper reviews the recent progress regarding ATP-P2X7R and its effects on parasitic diseas-es.

It has been widely verified by various sorting methods that cancer stem cells (CSCs) exist in different types of tumor cells or tissues. However, due to lack of specific stem cell surface markers, CSCs are very difficult to be separated from some cancer cells, which becomes the key barrier of functional studies of CSCs. The sorting method by side population cells (SP) lays a solid foundation for in-depth and comprehensive study of CSCs. To identify the existence of SP in prostate cancer cell lines, we applied flow cytometry sorting by SP to cultures of prostate cancer cell lines (TSU, LnCap, and PC-3), and the cancer stem-like characteristics of SP were verified through experiments in vitro and in vivo. The proportion of SP in TSU cells was calculated to be 1.60%±0.40% [Formula: see text], and that in PC-3 and LnCap cells was calculated to be 0.80%±0.05% and 0.60%±0.20%, respectively. The colony formation assay demonstrated that the colony formation rate of SP to non-SP sorted from TSU via flow cytometry was 0.495±0.038 to 0.177±0.029 in 500 cells, 0.505±0.026 to 0.169±0.024 in 250 cells, and 0.088±0.016 to 0.043±0.012 in 125 cells respectively. In the in vivo experiments, tumors were observed in all the mice on the 10th day after injecting 50 000 cells subcutaneously in SP group, whereas when 5×10(6) cells were injected in non-SP group, tumors were developed in only 4 out of 8 mice until the 3rd week before the end of the experiment. Our results revealed that prostate cancer cells contain a small subset of cells, called SP, possessing much greater capacity of colony formation and tumorigenic potential than non-SP. These suggest that SP in prostate cancer cells may play a key role in the self-renewal and proliferation, and have the characteristics of cancer stem-like cells. Dissecting these features will provide a new understanding of the function of prostate CSCs in tumorigenicity and transformation.

Objective To investigate the effect of applying specialist nursing assessment indicator system on improving nurse′s health assessment ability in orthopedic department. Methods A specialist nursing assessment indicator system was developed by applying evaluation indicators of nursing care quality. That assessment indicator system consisted of 9 sub-indicators. They were assessments on local blood circulation, sensation and motion, muscle strength, pain, risk of developing pressure ulcer, risk of falling down and assessment on anal sphincter function, etc. In addition, standard assessment process was developed and applied to train 54 nurses in orthopedic department, in order to standardize and improve their ability on specialist nursing assessment. Furthermore, the assessment process was transferred into specific nursing interventions to improve nurse′s health assessment ability, too. The accurate rate on those 9 indicated assessments were evaluated and analyzed regularly, pre and post the indicator system application. In the present study, each of the 54 nurses was required to assess five patients basing on the items in the assessment indicator system. The total assessment times were 270. Results After applying the indicator system, the accurate rates of assessments on local blood circulation, sensation and motion, muscle strength, pain, risk of developing pressure ulcer, anal sphincter function and assessment on developing deep venous thrombosis were 98.89% (267/270), 99.63% (269/270), 99.26% (268/270), 97.41% (263/270), 98.15% (265/270), 91.85% (248/270), 98.15% (265/270), which were higher than 95.19%(257/270), 92.96%(251/270), 96.30%(260/270), 90.37%(244/270), 92.22%(249/270), 85.56%(231/270), 92.22%(249/270) of the time when the system was not used, and the difference was significant (χ2=5.34-16.82, P < 0.05). However, the accurate rates on assessing risk of falling down and assessing ADL were not significant different, comparing to the results before applying the indicator system (χ2=0.34, 0.41, P>0.05). Conclusions Applying the specialist nursing assessment indicator system was able to standardize nursing assessment behavior and improve nurse′s assessment ability. In addition, it was beneficial to improve the quality of specialist nursing care in orthopedic department.

AIM:This study was performed to investigate the feasibility and efficiency of exogenous mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs) transplantation on post-infarction ventricular remodeling and heart function in rats and compare the effects between adult rat MSCs and neonate rat MSCs transplantation.METHODS:1-2 hours after left coronary artery ligation,MSCs cultured in ex vivo,marked with BrdU,were injected directly into the border of infarcts in exogenous rats.6 weeks after transplantation,rat' heart function,ventricular remodeling and pathological results were measured.RESULTS:MSCs transplantation decreased LV end-diastolic diameter and end-systolic diameter,limited LV chamber dilatation and reduced collagen content significantly.The numbers of blood vessels and cardiomyocytes were increased.BrdU-labelled MSCs with oval nucleus were widely distributed.There were no significant difference between adult rat MSCs and neonate rat MSCs transplanted groups.CONCLUSION:MSCs can survive and home in exogenous host infarct hearts without addition of any immunosuppressant.MSCs transplantation has benificial effects on remodeling processes and contributes to improvement of cardiac function,which may be related with the reduction of the amount of the collagen,promotion of myogenesis and angiogenesis.

Objective Using literature metrology,scientific literature in the field of depression models in animals was analyzed to better understand the development trends and hot topics in this field.Methods We obtained publications on depression and animal models from 2013 to 2022 from the Web of Science core set database.CiteSpace 6.1 R1(64-bit)Basic was used to analyze annual publications,countries,institutions,authors,and keywords related to this field.Results A total of 1000 articles were included in this study.From 2013 to 2022,the number of articles published increased gradually and then stabilized.In terms of the number of articles,the United States had the most published articles(256).Wegener Gregers was the most influential author in the field with 23 published articles.Conclusions The field focuses on signaling pathways and therapeutic approaches to determine the pathogenesis of depression and better treatments.This study provides a visual analysis of trends in depression research to help researchers keep up with the latest developments.

Aim To establish the rat model of Spleen-Qi deficiency, analyse the metabolic pathways and investigate the connection between the changed urinary metabolites and Spleen-Qi deficiency, in order to explore the potential mechanisms of Spleen-Qi deficiency.Methods With the binding methods of diarrhea induced by bitter and cold, abnormal of starvation and excessive tiredness, the rat Spleen-Qi deficiency model was established.Then the activity of creatine phosphokinase(CPK) was detected.The endogenous metabolites in the urine were detected by NMR, and the data were analyzed with multivariate and statistical methods.Then the metabolites were selected that could be clearly distinct in the two groups with the fold change value(>1.2) and the P<0.05 of Student′s t-test.Both the pathway analysis and enrichment analysis were performed with Metabo Analyst 3.0.Results Compared with the normal rats, the activity of CPK decreased significantly in model rats(P<0.05).A significant separation appeared in the principal components analysis(PCA) score plot when the control group and the model group were compared, indicating that the Spleen-Qi deficiency model was successfully duplicated.The 33 differential metabolites, which mainly involved in the metabolic pathways, were distinguished from the comparision of Spleen-Qi deficiency model group and control group.The metabolic pathways was related to energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism, nucleotide metabolism and disturbance of gut microbes.Conclusions The main energy metabolic pathways (tricarboxylic acid cycle, glycolysis and liquid oxidation) may be disturbed in Spleen-Qi deficiency rats.The energy supply function is suppressed, which leads to the fatigue and weight loss in rats.

Objective The present situation and hotspots of KM mouse research were visualized by CiteSpace software,which provided a reference for breaking through the bottleneck of KM mouse research and finding new ideas in China.Methods A total of 3981 articles were retrieved from CNKI and Web of Science databases from January 1,2004 to June 10,2023,of which the number of publications,countries(regions),institutions,author cooperation network,keyword co-occurrence,clustering,burst words,and cited English literature for analysis.Results The number of documents published in Chinese was decreased and the number of documents published in English was increased gradually in KM mouse research.The three countries with the most published articles were China,the United States,and Japan,where the leading research institutions were the China Agricultural University,Chinese Academy of Sciences,and Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine.The main authors at home and abroad were Liu Weihui,Li Guangwu,and Zhao Xin.The domestic research focused on the toxicology,immunology,and reproduction of KM mouse,and the foreign research focused on the cell biology and physiology of KM mouse.Conclusions KM mouse have been used and popularized in our country for more than 70 years,mainly focusing on toxicology,immunology,and reproduction.Although the use of KM mouse has led tove made allowed some achievements in experiments,certain it is necessary to solve their problems in the future,such as the standardization of population breeding,the discovery of the dominant research fields,and the further promotion of animal ethics,should be resolved.

It has been widely verified by various sorting methods that cancer stem cells (CSCs) exist in different types of tumor cells or tissues. However, due to lack of specific stem cell surface markers, CSCs are very difficult to be separated from some cancer cells, which becomes the key barrier of functional studies of CSCs. The sorting method by side population cells (SP) lays a solid foundation for in-depth and comprehensive study of CSCs. To identify the existence of SP in prostate cancer cell lines, we applied flow cytometry sorting by SP to cultures of prostate cancer cell lines (TSU, LnCap, and PC-3), and the cancer stem-like characteristics of SP were verified through experiments in vitro and in vivo. The proportion of SP in TSU cells was calculated to be 1.60%±0.40% [Formula: see text], and that in PC-3 and LnCap cells was calculated to be 0.80%±0.05% and 0.60%±0.20%, respectively. The colony formation assay demonstrated that the colony formation rate of SP to non-SP sorted from TSU via flow cytometry was 0.495±0.038 to 0.177±0.029 in 500 cells, 0.505±0.026 to 0.169±0.024 in 250 cells, and 0.088±0.016 to 0.043±0.012 in 125 cells respectively. In the in vivo experiments, tumors were observed in all the mice on the 10th day after injecting 50 000 cells subcutaneously in SP group, whereas when 5×10(6) cells were injected in non-SP group, tumors were developed in only 4 out of 8 mice until the 3rd week before the end of the experiment. Our results revealed that prostate cancer cells contain a small subset of cells, called SP, possessing much greater capacity of colony formation and tumorigenic potential than non-SP. These suggest that SP in prostate cancer cells may play a key role in the self-renewal and proliferation, and have the characteristics of cancer stem-like cells. Dissecting these features will provide a new understanding of the function of prostate CSCs in tumorigenicity and transformation.
Cell Line, Tumor ; Humans ; Male ; Neoplastic Stem Cells ; pathology ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; pathology ; Side-Population Cells ; pathology

Objective To investigate the relationship between the stress induced glucose up-regulation and brainstem infarction. Methods Three hundred and sixty-six patients of cerebral infarction in the department of neurology were included in this study. Stress induced glucose up-regulation was reflected by stress induced glucose up-regulation ratio (SIGUT), and the level of SIGUT was compared between groups of brainstem and non-brainstem infarction. SIGUT was categorized into 4 groups according to the quartiles, and relative variables were compared among 4 groups. The level-risk relationship between high level of SIGUT and brainstem infarction was performed through logistic regression. Results The level of SIGUT was higher in group of brainstem infarction than that in group of non-brainstem infarction: 1.060 ± 0.272 vs.1.159 ± 0.301(P＝0.020). The percent of male, diabetes, brainstem infarction and level of FBG, HbA1c, NIHSS was obviously different in the 4 groups of SIGUT according to the quartiles (P<0.05). High level of SIGUT was correlated to brainstem infarction in the single-factor or multivariable logistic regression adjusted for relative variable (P < 0.05). Conclusions Stress induced glucose up-regulation is correlated to the brainstem infarction, which is prone to happen in brainstem infarction, and the magnitude is more prominent.

Objective To study the biological characteristics of, antibiotic resistance in and ger-micidal efficacy at different temperatures against Vibrio parahaemolyticus ( V. parahaemolyticus) strains isola-ted from different sources in order to provide reference for clinical treatment and prevention. Methods Stool samples from patients with diarrhea and small seafood product specimens from markets were collected and an-alyzed with biochemical identification method, serotyping analysis, drug susceptibility test and germicidal ef-ficacy test at different temperatures. Results There were 107 V. parahaemolyticus strains isolated from 1166 stool samples of patients with foodborne diarrhea with a positive rate of 9. 18％ and 42 from 72 seafood product samples with a positive rate of 58. 30％. V. parahaemolyticus strains isolated from the foodborne diar-rhea cases were divided into eight serogroups and among them, O3 and O4 were the predominant serogroups, accounting for 49. 53％ and 34. 58％, respectively. Most of the O antigens in small seafood products be-longed to serogroups of O4, O1 and O3, and four strains of O3 : K6 were isolated. Results of the drug sus-ceptibility test showed that both of the clinical isolates and marine product isolates were highly resistant to ampicillin and the drug resistance rates were 94. 39％ and 88. 10％, respectively. Antibiotic-sensitive strains to monocyclicβ-lactams, aminoglycosides, quinolones, carbapenems, tetracyclines and sulfonamides accounted for over 90. 00％ or even nearly 100. 00％. There were 17 (15. 89％) clinical strains and three (7. 14％) marine product isolates resistant to three or more kinds of antibiotics. At 80℃, the bactericidal rate for marine product isolates was 85. 71％ in 60 s and reached 100. 00％ in 90 s. At 90℃ and 100℃, these isolates could be completely killed in 40 s and 30 s. It took 120 s, 90 s and 50 s to kill clinical isolates at 80℃, 90℃ and 100℃, respectively. Conclusions This study systematically analyzed and compared the drug-resistant phenotypes of and the bactericidal efficacy at different temperatures on V. parahaemolyticus strains isolated from clinical samples and marine products. It would provide reference for preventing and con-trolling the spread of V. parahaemolyticus and hospital infection and for studying treatment strategies.