Abstract Bisphenol A (BPA) is a high yield chemical and widely present in daily necessities and catering products. It is one of the environmental endocrine disruptors with estrogen like effects that may affect the immune system. This paper summarizes the most recent epidemiological studies on the relationship between BPA exposure and asthma in children at home and abroad, and briefly outlines the pathogenesis of BPA induced asthma in children, aiming to provide inspiration and directions for future research.

Objective: To investigate the effect of pre-pregnancy weight and the increase of gestational weight on fetal growth restriction. Methods: From May 2013 to September 2014, a total of 3 474 pregnant women who took their first antenatal care and willing to undergo their prenatal care and delivery in Ma 'anshan Maternity and Child Care Centers were recruited in the cohort study. Excluding subjects without weight data before delivery (n=54), pregnancy termination (n=162), twins live births (n=39), without fetal birth weight data (n=7), 3 212 maternal-singleton pairs were enrolled for the final data analysis. Demographic information of pregnant woman, pregnancy history, disease history, height and weight were collected. In the 24^th-28^th, 32^nd-36^th gestational week and childbirth, three follow-up visits were undertaken to collect data of pregnancy weight, pregnancy vomiting, gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes mellitus, newborn gender and birth weight. χ² test was used to compare the detection rate of fetal growth restriction in different groups. Multivariate unconditional logistic regression model and spreadsheet were used to analyze the independent and interaction effect of pre-pregnancy weight and the increase of gestational weight on fetal growth restriction. Results: The incidence of fetal growth restriction was 9.7%(311/3 212). The incidence of fetal growth restriction in pre-pregnancy underweight group was 14.9% (90/603), higher than that in normal pre-pregnancy weight group (8.7% (194/2 226)) (χ²=24.37, P<0.001). The incidence of fetal growth restriction in inadequate increase of gestational weight group was 17.9% (50/279), higher than the appropriate increase of weight group (11.8% (110/932)) (χ²=36.89, P<0.001). Multivariate unconditional logistic regression analysis showed that compared with normal pre-pregnancy weight group, pre-pregnancy underweightwas a risk factor for fetal growth restriction, with RR (95%CI) at 1.76 (1.34-2.32); Compared with the appropriate increase of gestational weight group, inadequate weight increase during pregnancy was a risk factor for fetal growth restriction, with the RR (95%CI) at 1.70 (1.17-2.48). No additive model interaction [relative excess risk of interaction, attributable proportions of interaction, the synergy index and their 95%CI were 0.75 (-2.14-3.63), 0.21 (-0.43-0.86) and 1.43 (0.45-4.53), respectively] or multiplication model interaction (RR (95%CI): 1.00 (0.44-2.29)) existed between pre-pregnancy underweight and inadequate increase of gestational weight on fetal growth restriction. Conclusion Pre-pregnancy underweight and inadequate increase of gestational weight would increase the risk of fetal growth restriction without interaction.

OBJECTIVETo examine the effect of maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG) with childhood overweight and adiposity, and to explore possible early life risk factors for obesity in preschool children.

METHODSBasic information of pregnant women and gestation period came from the Ma'anshan Birth Cohort Study, a part of the China-Anhui Birth Cohort Study (C-ABCS). Pregnant women in routine health care from four municipal medical and health institutions were enrolled voluntarily during October 2008 and October 2010 in Ma'anshan City. A total of 5 084 pregnant women and 4 669 singleton live births were included in this study. Between April 2014 and April 2015, 3 797 children were followed up. Children whose BMI were >85th percentiles for age and genders of World Health Organization (WHO) reference were considered as overweight, and >95th percentiles for age and genders cut-off values were considered as obesity (pathological and secondary causes of obesity were excluded). Gestational weight gain was defined according to the Institute of Medicine (IOM) guidelines. Univariate and binary regression model analysis was used to examine the effect of pre-pregnancy BMI and GWG with childhood overweight and adiposity.

RESULTSOf the 3 797 pregnant women, the prevalence of underweight, normal weight, overweight and obesity were respectively 22.6% (n=858), 70.3% (n=2 671), 6.2% (n=234) and 0.9% (n=34). There were 3 563 pregnant women who were obtained gestational weight gain data, the prevalence of inadequate GWG, appropriate GWG, excessive GWG were respectively 12.4% (n=443), 25.9% (n=922) and 61.7% (n=2 198). The prevalence of overweight and obesity were 11.5% (n=437) and 10.8% (n= 411) in preschool children, respectively. After adjusting confounding factors including age at delivery, genders of children, children age, birth weight, breastfeeding and household economic status, binary logistic regression analysis showed that pre-pregnancy overweight and obesity(OR=2.01, 95% CI: 1.53-2.65), excessive GWG(OR=1.65, 95% CI: 1.35-2.03) were risk factors for overweight and obesity, and pre-pregnancy underweight was protective factor for childhood overweight and obesity (OR=0.49, 95% CI: 0.39-0.62). Joint associations of pre-pregnancy BMI and inappropriate GWG were also noticed in the study: compared to only pre-pregnancy higher BMI or excessive GWG or indequate GWG, combination of high pre-pregnancy BMI and excessive GWG or high pre-pregnancy BMI and inadequate GWG, adverse effects on childhood overweight and obesity were much higher,OR (95%CI) values were 2.90(1.97-4.28), 3.17(1.44-6.97) respectively.

CONCLUSIONBoth high pre-pregnancy BMI and inappropriate GWG are associated with greater offspring BMI. Pregnant women should achieve appropriate weight gain and help prevent obesity in their children.

Body Mass Index ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; Cohort Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Overweight ; epidemiology ; Pediatric Obesity ; epidemiology ; Pregnancy ; Prevalence ; Regression Analysis ; Risk Factors ; Weight Gain

Objective: To study serum zinc level in pregnancy and umbilical cord blood and their association with newborn birth weight. Methods: Pregnant women accepting obstetric examination in Ma'anshan Maternal and Child Care Center were recruited from May 2013 to September 2014. The follow up was conducted during their first, second and third trimesters of pregnancy and the self-designed questionnaire was used to collect information of social and demographic characteristics. Blood samples in the first, second pregnancy period and umbilical cord blood samples were collected and serum concentrations of zinc were assayed. 3 239 mother-infant entered the final analysis. We divided serum zinc level into low (<P₂₅), medium (P₂₅-P₇₅) and high (>P₇₅) groups according to their exposure concentrations at each trimesters. Non-conditional multivariate logistic regression model was conducted to evaluate the association between serum zinc level in first, second trimesters of pregnancy and umbilical cord blood with small for gestational age (SGA) and large for gestational age (LGA). Results: Serum zinc level in P₅₀ (P₂₅-P₇₅) during the first, second trimesters and cord blood were 1 016.18 (907.09-1 145.60), 813.36 (732.47-897.89) and 903.44 (808.71-1 015.64) μg/L, respectively. The prevalence of zinc deficiency during the first, second trimesters and cord blood were 1.5% (44/2 957), 15.9% (492/3 087) and 6.5% (176/2 707), respectively. The prevalence of total SGA and LGA were 9.7% (313/3 239) and 16.5% (536/3 239), respectively. Compared to high-level serum zinc group, the risk of SGA (OR (95%CI) in low-level serum zinc group during first trimesters was 1.51 (1.05-2.19)). Serum zinc level among second pregnancy period and umbilical cord blood had no statistically significant effect on SGA and LGA (both P values >0.05). Conclusion Zinc nutritional status of pregnant women in Ma'anshan city was at a good level. The low serum zinc level in first trimester increased the risk of SGA.

Objective:To retrospectively analyze the independent risk factors of complicated appendicitis(CA)in children under five years old and establish a clinical prediction model, and to evaluate the clinical application of this model.Methods:A retrospective analysis was performed on children under five years old who underwent appendectomy at Children′s Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from January 2018 to December 2021.The children were divided into CA group and uncomplicated appendicitis group according to whether there was sign of perforation or gangrene in appendiceal tissue after operation.The differences in clinical features and preoperative laboratory test results between two groups were compared.The independent risk factors of CA were identified and a clinical prediction model was established.The clinical prediction model was verified by receiver operating characteristic curve.Results:A total of 140 children were enrolled in this study, including 84 cases in the CA group and 56 cases in uncomplicated appendicitis group.Univariate and binary Logistic regression analysis showed that the duration of symptoms>23.5 h( OR=6.650, 95% CI 2.469-17.912, P<0.05), abdominal muscle tension( OR=3.082, 95% CI 1.190-7.979, P<0.05) and C-reactive protein>41 mg/L ( OR=3.287, 95% CI 1.274-8.480, P<0.05) were independent risk factors for CA( P<0.05). The clinical prediction model of CA was constructed by the above mentioned three independent risk factors.The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the clinical prediction model was 0.881(95% CI 0.825-0.936), the sensitivity was 77.4%, the specificity was 87.5%, the positive predictive value was 91.3% and the negative predictive value was 70.0%. Conclusion:Acute appendicitis in children under five years old is more likely to progress to CA if the duration of symptoms>23.5 h, the level of C-reactive protein is increased, and the abdominal muscle tension is accompanied.The clinical prediction model of CA constructed by common clinical information in pediatric clinics has good prediction efficiency, which provides a simple and feasible reference method for clinicians to distinguish CA from uncomplicated appendicitis.

Objective:To establish a decision tree model of pediatric complicated appendicitis (CA) based on Pediatric Appendicitis Score (PAS) combined with inflammatory indicators, and to evaluate its clinical application efficacy in pediatrics.Methods:The clinical data of 544 children diagnosed with appendicitis in Children′s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from January 2018 to December 2021 was retrospectively analyzed. According to postoperative pathology, the children were divided into uncomplicated appendicitis group and CA group. The independent risk factors of CA were screened by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis, and these parameters were included to establish the decision tree model. The accuracy of the decision tree model was verified by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.Results:Binary logistic regression analysis indicated that the PAS, C-reactive protein (CRP) and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were identified as independent risk factors for complicated appendicitis in children (all P<0.05). PAS, CRP and NLR were included as covariables to construct the decision tree model and binary logistic regression model for predicting CA. The decision tree demonstrated an overall accuracy of 79.2% with a sensitivity of 86.7% and specificity of 71.9%, and achieved an area under curve (AUC) of 0.821(95% CI: 0.786-0.857). The binary logistic regression model had a sensitivity of 79.6% and specificity of 69.1%, with an overall accuracy of 75.1% and achieved an AUC of 0.808(95% CI: 0.770-0.845). Conclusions:The decision tree model based on PAS score combined with CRP, NLR is a simple, intuitive and effective tool , which can provide pediatric emergency physicians a reliable basis for diagnosis of pediatric CA.

Objective To understand the association between pregnancy intention and pregnancy-related anxiety in the second and third trimester and its strength.Methods A prospective cohort study was conducted in Ma' anshan,Anhui province.A total of 3 474 eligible pregnant women within 14 weeks of gestation were recruited.The information about their demographic characteristics were collected in early pregnancy.The completed questionnaire of pregnancy-related anxiety were asked to return in the second and third trimester.Logistic regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the association between pregnancy intention and pregnancy-related anxiety in the second and third trimester.Results A total of 3 083 pregnant women were included in final analysis,The rate of unintentional pregnancy was 15.00％ (n=461).The detection rates of pregnancy-related anxiety in the second and third trimester were 29.13％ (n=898) and 30.36％ (n=936).After controlling potential confounding factors,unintentional pregnancy increased the risk of pregnancy-related anxiety in the second trimester compared with intentional pregnancy (OR=1.85,95％ CI:1.44-2.38);The risk of pregnancy-related anxiety also increased in the third trimester (OR=1.84,95％ CI:1.44-2.35).Intentional pregnancy did not increase the risk of pregnancy-related anxiety in the second and third trimester.Conclusion The study results suggests that unintentional pregnancy could increase the risk of pregnancy-related anxiety in the second and third trimester.

Objective To evaluate the relations between hypertensive disorders (HDP) in pregnancy and early-term birth.Methods A total of 3 474 pregnant women were consecutively recruited.Demographic information was collected in early pregnancy.HDP was diagnosed in the first,second and third trimesters,respectively.On the basis of precise evaluation on gestation age,early-term birth was defined as gestational age of 37-38 weeks + 6 days.Logistic regression models were conducted to examine the associations between HDP and early-term birth.Results The current study included 3 260 pregnant women,with the rates of HDP,pregnancy-induced hypertension syndrome and pre-eclampsia as 6.0％ (n=194),4.2％ (n=137) and 1.8％ (n=57),respectively.After controlling for potential confounders,no significant differences between pregnancy-induced hypertension syndrome and early-term birth (OR=1.49,95％C1:0.94-2.36) were found.Pre-eclampsia appeared to have increased the risk of early-term birth (OR=4.46,95％ CI:2.09-9.54).Conclusion Pre-eclampsia could significantly increase the risk of early-term birth.This finding suggested that early detection and intervention programs were helpful in reducing the risk of early-term birth.

Objective: To analyze the association between maternal bisphenol A exposure during early pregnancy and sleep problems among preschool children. Methods: Research subjects were from one of the sub-cohorts(Ma'anshan Cohort) of the China-Anhui Birth Cohort Study (C-ABCS) in Ma'anshan city. The basic situation of pregnant women and sleep information of preschool children were investigated. We selected preschool children whose mother's maternal serum bisphenol A concentrations of the first trimester had been already detected between December 2012 to Januray 2014. 1 259 pairs of mothers and children were included. The concentrations of bisphenol A exposure during early pregnancy were divided into low, medium and high exposure groups according to 25^th percentile (P₂₅) and 75^th percentile (P₇₅) levels. Multivariate multinomial logistic regression model was used to analyze the association between maternal bisphenol A exposure during early pregnancy and sleep-related problems in preschool children. Results: The P₅₀ (P₂₅-P₇₅) of serum bisphenol A exposure level during early pregnancy was 0.231 (0.106-0.512) ng/ml. The sleep-related problems scores of 1 259 preschool children were (16.43±3.82) points. The occasional sleep-related problems were detected about 47.8% (602 cases) and frequent sleep-related problems were detected about 18.3% (230 cases). After the adjustment of the confounding factors such as children's gender, age, BMI, sleep position (lying down, sleeping on one's back), the length of time to sleep and the length of sleep at night, in comparison with bisphenol A low exposure group, the OR (95%CI) value of preschool children with occasional sleep-related problems in maternal bisphenol A high exposure group during early pregnancy was 1.44 (1.01-2.06). After the gender stratification, the results showed that in comparison with bisphenol A low exposure group, the OR (95%CI) value of preschool girls with occasional sleep-related problems in maternal bisphenol A medium and high exposure group during early pregnancy were 1.61 (1.05-2.46) and 2.40 (1.42-4.04), respectively. The OR (95%CI) value of preschool girls with frequent sleep-related problems in maternal bisphenol A high exposure group during early pregnancy was 2.64 (1.34-5.17). However, in boys, there was no statistically significant association between maternal bisphenol A exposure during early pregnancy and sleep-related problems (P>0.05). Conclusion Maternal bisphenol A exposure during early pregnancy might be related to sleep-related problems in preschool children.

Objective:To study the predictive value of hour-specific total serum bilirubin(TSB) nomogram combined with clinical risk factors in the risk of hyperbilirubinemia.Method:Perinatal clinical data of newborns born in Shanghai Pudong New Area Health Care Hospital for Women and Children, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital and Shanghai Pudong Hospital from August 2017 to July 2018 were collected in this prospective study. Transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) was monitored before discharge from hospital. Enrolled neonates were followed up for 28 days. The patients were assigned to neonatal hyperbilirubinemia group (NHB) and non-hyperbilirubinemia group (Non-HB) according to the occurrence of hyperbilirubinemia. The predictive value of models for the risk of hyperbilirubinemia was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and Logistic regression analysis.Result:A total of 8 664 newborns were included in this study, with 1 196 cases of hyperbilirubinemia, with an incidence of 13.8%. Logistic regression analysis showed that maternal blood type O, premature rupture of membranes, male gender, gestational age 35~37 weeks, subcutaneous ecchymosis/cranial edema, and breastfeeding were independent risk factors for NHB ( P<0.05). The area under receiver operative characteristic curve (ROC) of predischarge bilirubin risk zone only was 0.874(95% CI 0.861~0.885, P<0.05)and for all independent risk factors was 0.664 (95% CI 0.647~0.680, P<0.05). The area under ROC curve was 0.891 (95% CI 0.880~0.902, P<0.05) by combining predischarge bilirubin risk zone with clinical risk factors. Conclusion:Predischarge bilirubin risk zone combined with clinical risk factors can reasonably predict neonatal hyperbilirubinemia well.