Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Joints ; injuries ; Male ; Meridians ; Middle Aged ; Sprains and Strains ; therapy ; Young Adult

Objective To observe the safety of the compound Tiaoshi-plaster's use to skin,providing the scientific foundation for its use to the treatment for the younth's short sight.Methods Experiment 1,acute toxicity test for skin of rabbits:rabbits were randomly divided into two groups:a integrated skin group and a damaged skin group,in addition,every group further divide into high and low dosage group and vehicle control group,totally 5 groups.All above groups received the plaster or vehicle for 24 hours,then take away the drug,and after lh,24 h,48 h,72 h since the 7th day,observe each group's reaction separately everyday,to see whether there is a acute toxicity reaction or not.Experiment 2,self control group,use onerabbit's left and right sides' skin to observe stimulus toxicity via skin:divide the rabbits into a integrated skin group and a damaged skin group,in addition,every group further divide into high,low dosage group and vehicle control group,totally 6 groups.Observe the reaction after multiple doses,after 7 days' successive doses,take the drug-used tissues to do pathological examination.Experiment 3,cavy's skin irritation test:cavies were divide into vehicle group,plaster group,positive group,totally 3 groups,at the 6h,7th day,14th day,take off right side's skin of every group to do the provocative test respectively.On the 28th day,take off the left side's skin to do the provocative test.To see if the skin or the whole body is allergic to the plaster.Results In experiment 1,toxic response could not be found in any group; In experiment 2,rabbits in the integrated skin group didn't show redness or edema,rabbits in the damaged skin group all had redness and edema,but the differences were not statistically significant,compared with the corresponding time of vehicle group (P＞0.05).Such skin damage was not caused by plaster usage but inflammatory reaction of skin damage.In experiment 3,the vehicle group and the study group didn't show any abnormal anaphylactic reaction.Conclusion The compound Tiaoshiplaster is safe to skin.

BACKGROUNDThe extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae has increasingly become a major contributor to nosocomial infections and can exhibit multiple antibiotic resistance. Previous studies have focused on the resistance genes in ESBL-producing strains, and the resistance-associated genetic environment of non-ESBL-producing strains has been ignored until now. Here, we investigated the occurrence and characteristics of non-ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae, which potentially carries unexpressed resistance genes.

METHODSK. pneumoniae strains were collected from five medical institutions in China from February 2010 to August 2013. The VITEK-2 ESBL detection system was used as a primary screen to identify the ESBL-producing phenotype, and the three primary types of ESBL-associated genes (CTX, SHV, and TEM) were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to confirm the strains presenting with a non-ESBL-producing phenotype. mRNA expression in the non-ESBL-producing strains was further screened by reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR) to validate their transcriptional efficiency.

RESULTSOut of 224 clinically isolated antibiotic-sensitive K. pneumoniae strains with a non-ESBL-producing phenotype, 5 (2.2%) were identified to carry inactivated ESBL blaSHV genes with intact upstream promoter regions and resistance gene sequences. Interestingly, three of the five antibiotic-sensitive K. pneumoniae strains containing ESBL blaSHV genes still exhibited mRNA transcription of blaSHV, while the other two exhibited no mRNA transcription.

CONCLUSIONThese findings suggest that inactivated ESBL genes exist in non-ESBL-producing antibiotic-sensitive K. pneumoniae strains, which have the potential to transform the strain into an ESBL phenotype if an inappropriate application or overdose of antibiotics is implemented during clinical management.

Anti-Bacterial Agents ; pharmacology ; China ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; genetics ; Humans ; Klebsiella pneumoniae ; drug effects ; enzymology ; genetics ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; beta-Lactamases ; genetics