Objective To investigate the clinical practice pressure and mental health of medical students with type D personality.Methods Type D Scale-14 (DS14) and Beck-Srivastava Stress Inventory (BSSI) test were applied to 371 medical students to assess the personality types and pressure.The symptom checklist 90 (SCL-90) was used to evaluate the psychological health.Results ①The detection rate of type D personality of medical students was 36.39％.②The average score in BSSI of medical students of type D personality was (99.27± 10.51),which was higher than medical students of non-type D personality (87.60± 11.37),and the difference was statistically significant (t=9.9711,P=0.0000).The medical students' score of type D personality in SCL-90 of 9 factors were all higher than medical students of non-type D personality,but the statistically significant difference were only in the score of depression,anxiety and psychosis-like symptoms (t=2.4409,P=0.0151;t=2.8662,P=0.0044;t=2.7783,P=0.0057).Conclusion In face of the same pressure of medical clinical practice,the medical students of type D personality are more likely to have a heavier psychological burden,and the college should pay special attention to the problem and try to intervene the problem,so as to reduce the pressure caused by a variety of psychological problems.

Objective To investigate the effects of ischemic pre- and postconditioning on cerebral glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3β) activity in a rat model of global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R).Methods Forty male Wistar rats weighing 200-230 g were randomly allocated into 4 groups (n =10 each) : Ⅰ group sham operation (group S); Ⅱ group I/R; Ⅲ group ischemic preconditioning (group IPR) and Ⅳ group ischemic postconditioning (group IPO). The animals were anesthetized with intraperitoneal 10% chloral hydrate 0.4 ml/100 g. Global cerebral ischemia was induced by four-vessel-occlusion in group Ⅱ , Ⅲ and Ⅳ. Bilateral vertebral arteries were cauterized and bilateral carotid arteries were occluded for 10 min. In group IPR cerebral ischemia was preceded by 3 cycles of 10 s ischemia followed by 30 s reperfusion. The group IPO received 3 cycles of 30 s reperfusion followed by 10 s ischemia at the end of 10 min cerebral ischemia. The animals were killed 2 days later. The brains were immediately removed for determination of neuronal apoptosis in the cortex (by TUNEL), the infarct size (by TTC), p-GSK-3β activity (by spectrum assay) and the expression of Bcl-2, Bax and Caspase-3 (by SP). Linear correlation of p-GSK-3β activity with the number of apoptotic neurons in the cortex and cerebral infarct size was analyzed. Results Cerebral I/R significantly increased the number of apoptotic neurons in the cortex and infarct size, decreased p-GSK-3β activity, down-regulated Bcl-2 expression and up-regulated Bax and Caspase-3 expression in group I/R as compared with group S. Ischemic pre- and postconditioning significantly attenuated these cerebral I/R-induced changes. The p-GSK-3β activity was negatively correlated with the number of apoptotic neurons in the cortex and cerebral infarct size. Conclusion Ischemic pre- and postconditioning reduces cerebral I/R injury through inhibiting the activity of GSK-3β.

Objective To investigate the effect of ischemic post-conditioning (IPO) on the level of Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in acute ischemia - reperfusion (I/R) injury of lung in order to illuminate its protective mechanism.Methods Forty-eight adult SD rats were randomly divided (random number) into 6groups ( n =8 each):sham operation group ( S group) ; I/R group in which the hilum of left lung was clamped for 45 min followed by 105 min reperfusion; IPO group in which left lung hilum was clamped for 45min and post - conditioned by alternation of 30 s reperfusion with 30 s re-occlusion for three times before perfect perfusion for 102 min; Hemin (HM) + I/R group; ZnPPⅨ (zinc protoporphyrin Ⅸ) + IPO group and HM + S group.Arterial partial pressure of oxygen ( PaO2 ) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in blood serum were assayed.The left lung was removed for determination of wet/dry (W/D) lung weight ratio and level of HO-1 protein was detected by immunohistochemical technique and pathohistological changes were observed under light microscopic examination. Comparisons among multiple groups were studied by using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Statistical comparisons within groups were analyzed by using paired t -test.Results The level of HO-1 in lung tissue was significantly increased in the I/R group compared with the S group and the HM + S group (P ＜0.01,P ＜0.05).Compared to the I/R group,the IPO and the HM + I/R groups had significant higher level of HO-1 ( P ＜ 0.05,P ＜ 0.01 ).The PaO2 was significantly lower in all experimental groups than that in the S group (90 ± 11 ) mmHg.However,the values of PaO2 in the IPO and the HM + I/R groups were higher than that in the I/R group (P ＜ 0.01 ).In addition to severe lung tissue damage evidenced by pathohistological changes,the lung wet/dry (W/D) weight ratio and MDA level in blood serum were significantly higher in the I/R group than those in the S group (P ＜0.01 ),whereas the lung damage was attenuated either by IPO or by HM pretreatment (P ＜ 0.05,IPO or HM + I/R vs.I/R).Conclusions IPO can attenuate the lung ischemia - reperfusion injury through upregulating the level of HO-1 protein and inhibiting lipid peroxidation injury.

Objective To systematically review the efficacy of bispectral index (BIS) monitoring for prevention of intraoperative awareness in patients under general anesthesia.Methods The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (Central),PubMed,Medline,and EMBASE were searched for randomized controlled clinical trials involving detection of intraoperative awareness in patients in whom BIS was used or not under general anesthesia.The quality of the studies was evaluated by the method recommended by Cochrane Collaboration.Evaluation indexes included the incidence of intraoperative awareness.Meta-analysis was conducted using RevMan 5.1 software.Results Five randomized controlled clinical trials involving 34181 patients were included in this meta-analysis.There were 17432 cases in whom BIS was applied and the incidence of intraoperative awareness was 0.132％.There were 16749 cases in whom BIS was not used and the incidence of intraoperative awareness was 0.245％.There was no significant difference in the incidence of intraoperative awareness between the two groups (P ＞0.05).Further analysis was performed according to the method of anesthesia.In inhalational anesthesia,there were 13288 cases in whom BIS was applied and the incidence of intraoperative awareness was 0.128％,and there were 13202 cases in whom BIS was not applied and the incidence of intraoperative awareness was 0.113％.There was no significant difference in the incidence of intraoperative awareness between the two groups (P ＞ 0.05).In total intravenous anesthesia,there were 4144 cases in whom BIS was applied and the incidence of intraoperative awareness was 0.145％,and there were 3547 cases in whom BIS was not applied and the incidence of intraoperative awareness was 0.733 ％.The incidence of intraoperative awareness was significantly lower in the patients in whom BIS was applied than those in whom BIS was not applied (P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion BIS monitoring can effectively prevent the development of intraoperative awareness in patients under total intravenous anesthesia,but can not prevent the development of intraoperative awareness in patients under inhalational anesthesia.

Objective To investigate the effect of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride ( Dex ) preconditioning on renal function in rats after renal ischemia reperfusion injury under high glucose condition. Methods SD rats were randomly divided into 6 groups:NG-Sham operated group,NG-I/R group, NG-Dex group,HG-Sham operated group,HG-I/R group,HG-Dex group. Renal ischemia reperfusion model was established except Sham groups. Dex 50 μg·kg-1 was injected intraperitoneally 30 min before ischemia in the Dex preconditioning group,25% glucose 3 g·kg-1 was given intraperitoneally before the renal ischemia reperfusion model was established in high glucose groups. Blood glucose and renal function of each group were detected . Renal pathologic changes were observed with hematoxylin-eosin staining. Apoptosis of renal tissue was detected by TUNEL method. Results BUN,Cr and apoptosis rate in NG-I/R group were higher than those in NG-Sham operated group ( P<0.05);BUN,Cr and apoptosis rate in NG-Dex group were lower than those in NG-I/R group ( P<0.05);BUN,Cr and apoptosis rate in HG-I/R group and HG-Dex group were higher than those in NG-I/R group and NG-Dex group,respectively (P<0.05); However,there was no significant difference between HG-I/R group and HG-Dex group ( P>0.05) . Conclusion Dex has a protective effect on renal function after renal ischemia reperfusion, but this effect is inhibited in high glucose condition, which may relate to the increasing of kidney cells apoptosis.

Objective:To understand the quality of life of high risk population of stroke in community and analyze the influencing factors.Methods:Four community health service centers in Huangpu District were randomly selected, and the subjects were included by using convenient sampling method among the high risk groups of stroke found in the community stroke screening and prevention and control project in Shanghai.The World Health Organization quality of life scale-brief form questionnaire(WHOQOL-BREF), self-rating depression scale (SDS) and self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) were used as the survey tools to study 1200 high-risk stroke subjects.Single sample t-test was used to compare the differences between the scores and the data of 24 centers in the world, and multiple linear stepwise regression were used to analyze the influencing factors. Results:The scores of physical field, psychological field and social relationship field ((13.60±1.86), (14.58±1.97), (13.72±2.10)respectively) of high-risk population of stroke were lower than the scores of general population of 24 centers in the world ( P<0.01), and the scores of environmental field (14.08±1.95) were higher than it ( P<0.01), of which the differences were all statistically significant.The results of multiple linear stepwise regression analysis showed that old age, anxiety and depression were the risk factors influencing the scores of physical field( β=-0.027, -0.056, -0.051), psychological field( β=-0.019, -0.055, -0.050) and environmental field( β=-0.017, -0.040, -0.054); old age and depression were the risk factors influencing the scores of social relationship field( β=-0.026, -0.067); anxiety and depression were the risk factors influencing the self-assessment of quality of life and health ( β=-0.012, -0.014 for quality of life; -0.012, -0.014 for health, all P<0.01). Conclusion:The quality of life of high-risk population of stroke may be related to age, depression, anxiety and other psychological factors.The prevention and treatment of stroke should take both physical and mental measures, take timely intervention for poor psychological status, and gradually improve the quality of life.