This review introduced the research progress of covalent modification strategies in local anesthetic drug delivery systems. As a commonly used and multimodal analgesic drug, local anesthetics have limited duration of action and potential toxicity in clinical application. In order to prolong the analgesic effect and reduce systemic toxicity, researchers are committed to the development of sustained-release local anesthetics with long-lasting dose-controlled-release functions. When it comes to the delivery of local anesthetics, the covalent modification strategy is a key approach. By covalently binding drugs to large molecule carriers, covalent modification strategies can improve drug stability, targeting and delivery efficiency. Macromolecular prodrugs can modulate the kinetic process of the drug, so that the drug is released in the form of the active ingredient and achieve better therapeutic effects. In recent years, stimulus-responsive macromolecular prodrugs have become a research hotpot for local anesthetic drug delivery systems, and the stimulus-responsive performance of macromolecular prodrugs can rapidly release drugs under internal and external stimulus conditions, and maintain low toxicity and high efficiency in blood circulation and normal tissues. These emerging research directions provide important guidance for prolonging the analgesic effect of local anesthetics and reducing systemic toxicity, and provide new idea for the development of more effective drug delivery systems in the future.

Background The integration of segregated pathways from the two eyes first appears in V1 neurons,where it not only plays a critical role in the generation of a three-dimensional visual representation.Abnormal visual experiences in critical period usually lead to amblyopia and binocular integration defects.Objective Present study was to investigate how neurons of kitten coordinate their activity patterns in response to synchronous dichoptic stimulus inputs in striate cortex.Methods Spike rate and local field potential(LFP) gamma band(20-90Hz) power of three kitten(1-1.2Kg,8-10 weeks old) to monocular and synchronous dichoptic presented gratings were assessed for 28 binocular neurons in V1 of kitten by in vivo extracellular record method under anaesthesia and paralysis.Ocular dominance index(ODI) and binocular integration index(BII) were assessed and the correlation between these two indexes were analyzed.Results In 28 cells with binocular characteristic,the absolute value of spike-ODI was significant larger than that of LFP-ODI(t=2.606,P=0.021).A positive linear correlation between the ocular preferences of spike and LFP was found(R2=0.513,F=27.423,P=0.003).In dichotic trails,binocular facilitation with BII for spike was 2.348±0.996,showing a significant reduce in comparison with BII for LFP(3.678±1.974)(t=2.671,P=0.019).Binocular integration index for two signals were greater when monocular responses of both eyes were similar(P=0.035 and P=0.124,respectively).Conclusion Both spike rate and gamma band power of LFP exhibited binocular facilitation to synchronous presented dichotic stimuli with significant facilitation induced by balanced monocular responses.Spiking activity and LFP reflect neural activities of different spatial scales and source components.

Objective To investigate the clinical features and management of pancreatic disease- associated portal hypertension.Methods A retrospective analysis was carried out in patients with portal hypertension complicating with pancreatic diseases in our hospital from January 1986 to April 2005. Medical records of these patients were reviewed,including data of demographics,etiologies,venous involvement,clinical presentation,laboratory tests,imaging studies,therapeutic modalities and out- comes.Results There were 59 cases of portal hypertension resulted from pancreatic diseases in our hos- pital,accounting for 4% of all portal hypertension in 19 years.The underlying pancreatic diseases were chronic pancreatitis(21 cases,35.6%),pancreatic carcinoma(20 cases,33.9%),acute pancreatitis (8 cases,13.6%),pancreatic pseudocyst(3 cases,5.1%).Of the 40 patients whose venous involve ment was identified,splenic vein obstruction occurred in 27 cases(67.5%),followed by portal vein obstruction(16 cases,40.0%).Mild or moderate splenomegaly was present in 48 cases(81.4%),with leukocytopenia as the most common manifestation of the 31 cases(52.5%)of concomitant hyper- splenism.Forty-five patients(76.3%)developed gastroesophageal varices(including 35 isolated gastric varices),among them,19 had bled(32.2%).Conservative treatment was effective in controlling acute bleeding,but could not prevent re-bleeding.Splenectomy was performed in 18 patients,mainly because of gastrointestinal hemorrhage.No postoperative bleeding occurred in the period of follow-up from 8 months to 9 years.Conclusions Pancreatic diseases may compromise portal vein and its tributaries, leading to generalized or regional portal hypertension.Pharmacological therapy can effectively control acute variceal bleeding,while surgical treatment is the appropriate procedure of choice in case of hemor- rhage recurrence.

Objective To determine the effects of gutter oil on liver function,renal function and serum lipid metabolism in mice.Methods A total of 72 mice were averagely divided into 6 groups.Mice were gavaged with different dosages (5 μL/g,1 0 μL/g and 20 μL/g)of gutter oil or cooking oil every other day for continuing 8 weeks.The indexes of liver, kidney and serum lipid parameters were assayed.Results The moisture,acid value and peroxide value of the gutter oil exceeded the national standard.After continuing 8 weeks'intake of oils,alanine aminotransferase (ALT)of gutter oil group with a dosage of 5 μL/g,as well as aspartate aminotransferase (AST)of gutter oil group with a dosage of 1 0 μL/g significantly increased (P <0.05),compared with the cooking oil group.Serum creatinine (Scr)of the gutter oil groups with 3 dosages significantly increased compared with the control groups (P <0.05 ).Meanwhile,blood urea nitrogen (BUN)of gutter oil groups with a dosage of 5 μL/g and 1 0 μL/g were also significantly increased respectively(P <0.05). However,no significant differences were observed in triglyceride (TG)and total cholesterol (TC)among the groups. Conclusion Eight weeks'intake of gutter oil could cause the damage to liver and renal functions.

We identified a novel gene ST13 from a subtractive cDNA library of normal intestinal mucosa in 1993, more studies showed that ST13 was a co-chaperone of Hsp70s. Recently we detected the ST13 gene expression in tumor tissue and adjacent normal tissue of the same colorectal cancer patient and investigated if the ST13 gene expression might have any prognostic value. Analysis was performed at molecular level by reverse transcription-PCR using real-time detection method. We measured two genes simultaneously, ST13 as the target gene and glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate dehydrogenase as a reference gene, in primary colorectal tumor specimens and tumor-adjacent normal mucosa specimens from 50 colorectal cancer patients. The expression levels of the ST13 gene were significantly decreased in primary tumors compared with adjacent mucosa (P<0.05). But there were no significant differences in the expression of ST13 as compared with different Dukes' stage, tumor differentiation grade, invasion depth, lymph node metastasis and disease-specific survival.
Biomarkers, Tumor ; metabolism ; Carrier Proteins ; metabolism ; China ; epidemiology ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; metabolism ; mortality ; Disease-Free Survival ; Female ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Humans ; Male ; Prevalence ; Prognosis ; Risk Assessment ; methods ; Risk Factors ; Survival Analysis ; Survival Rate ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo seek a kind of safe and effective method to treat scar contracture abnormality on the neck of the children.

METHODSWe take the trunk line of transverse cervical artery as the vessel pedicle, and shift huge trapezius muscle flap expanded to the neck in order to treat scar contracture abnormality on the neck of the children.

RESULTSClinically, we applied this method to treat ten children who suffered from contracture abnormality on the neck, and not only provide enough skin soft tissue (the length may be beyond the midline) to treat the abnormality, but also make the flap alive, obtain the satisfying postoperative effect.

CONCLUSIONSBased on the warranty of the flap blood supply, this flap is very suitable to treat scar contracture abnormality on the neck of the children.

Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cicatrix ; surgery ; Contracture ; surgery ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Neck Muscles ; transplantation ; Reconstructive Surgical Procedures ; methods ; Skin Transplantation ; Surgical Flaps

OBJECTIVETo explore the reliability of humping the forehead and temple by en block frontal temporal silicone .

METHODSMake wax mold by piling up wax slices layer by layer according to the rang of depressing of the forehead and temple, the section being humped and the hight need to be projected. Order the silicone block according to the dimension of the wax mold. Make the implant from the silicon block. Under local anaesthesia dissection under the superficial temporal fascia and galea through forehead and two temporal incisions. Implant the silicon through the middle incision.

RESULTSTotal 18 cases in this group were followed up for 3-12 months. Wound healed primarily without infection. I case with early blood effusion cured after aspiration. l case with later clear effusion cured after aspiration ad injection of prednisone in to the capsular. The frontal temporal contours were satisfactory . No outline of the implant was seen.

CONCLUSIONIt is safety and satisfied to hump the forehead and temple by en block frontal temporal silicone.

Adult ; Female ; Forehead ; surgery ; Head ; surgery ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Petrous Bone ; surgery ; Prosthesis Implantation ; Rhytidoplasty ; methods ; Silicones

Male hypogonadism is a group of syndromes in clinic andrology characterized by complete or partial androgen deficiency. It can be divided into primary and secondary hypogonadism. Besides the etiological treatment, androgen replacement therapy should be adopted in all patients of primary hypogonadism and patients of secondary hypogonadism who do not have the need of having a child. For patient's benefits, androgen should be used and selected properly as there are so many androgen preparation at present.
Androgens ; administration & dosage ; deficiency ; therapeutic use ; Hormone Replacement Therapy ; Humans ; Hypogonadism ; drug therapy ; Male

OBJECTIVETo study a new effective approach which repairs large defects of skin and soft tissue in neck and face.

METHODThis procedure accomplishes repetitive sub-platysmal expansion to form large musculocutaneous flap with underlying pedicel. The surgeon slides it toward neck and face to repair the defects of skin and soft tissue.

RESULTEleven patients, who had such defects in neck, face, cheek, chin or submental skin and soft tissue, underwent this treatment. All the flaps survive with no complications of blood supply deficiency or necrosis. The short-term and long-term results are both satisfying.

CONCLUSIONThis method, making repetitive sub-platysmal expansion to form musculocutaneous flap and then slide it toward neck/face to repair large defects of skin and soft tissue, proves to be safe and reliable. And appropriate cases and strict operations are important.

Adult ; Dermatologic Surgical Procedures ; Face ; surgery ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Neck ; surgery ; Reconstructive Surgical Procedures ; methods ; Soft Tissue Injuries ; surgery ; Surgical Flaps ; Treatment Outcome

Objective To observe the effect of breathing exercise based on core strength training on nonspecific low back pain (NLBP). Methods From January to June, 2017, 60 patients with NLBP were randomly divided into control group (n=30) and ob-servation group (n=30). The control group accepted core strength training, and the observation group accepted breathing exercise in addition, for four weeks. They were assessed with Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Oswes-try Disability Index (ODI) before and after treatment, and their efficiency was compared. Results The scores of VAS decreased in both groups after treatment (t>4.173, P<0.001), and the scores of ODI de-creased in the observation group (t=3.875, P<0.01). The scores of both VAS and ODI were less in the observa-tion group than in the control group (t>2.595, P<0.05). The efficiency was better in the observation group than in the control group (χ2=3.874, P<0.05). Conclusion Breathing exercise based on core strength training can further improve function and relieve pain in patients with NLBP.