BACKGROUND:Currently, what we know about exosomes is that it can be produced by a variety of cel s and transfer a variety of materials, producing subsequent function of regulation.
OBJECTIVE:To review the function of exosomes in mesenchymal stem cel differentiation, in order to provide reference for further in-depth study.
METHODS:With the key words of“exosome, mesenchymal stem cel , differentiation”in Chinese and English, respectively, a computer-based search was performed for articles published in CNKI, Medline and Embase databases from January 2001 to September 2016. After the initial screening, the reserved articles were further detailed, summarized and concluded.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Exosomes are a kind of vesicles 40-100 nm in diameter, which can be secreted by a variety of cel types, containing functional products, such as functional protein, gene product, lipid and so on. As a bridge of adjacent cel s transferring functional products, exosomes are becoming an issue of concern in the microenvironment for cel interaction. In the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cel s, exosomes also play an indispensable role via pathway regulation.

Molecular imprinting technique (MIT) involves the synthesis of polymer in the presence of a template to produce complementary binding sites in terms of its size, shape and functional group orientation. Such kind of polymer possesses specific recognition ability towards its template molecule. Despite the rapid development of MIT over the years, the majority of the template molecules that have been studied are small molecules, while molecular imprinting of proteins remains a significant yet challenging task due to their large size, structural flexibility and complex conformation. This review, we summarized the research findings over the past years, and discussed the nano-reinforcing materials used to prepare molecular imprinting of proteins and the perspective of these nano-reinforcing materials.
Binding Sites ; Molecular Conformation ; Molecular Imprinting ; Nanostructures ; chemistry ; Polymers ; chemistry ; Proteins ; chemistry

A UPLC-ESI-MS/MS method was used to determinate the main active fractions gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, myricetrin, hyperoside and quercitrin in Polygonum capitatum extracts by in situ intestinal perfusion models; the absorption rate constants and cumulative penetration rate of absorption were calculated. The effect of different drug concentrations, different intestine segments, bile and P-gp inhibitors on the absorption mechanism of Gallic acid and other compositions in P. capitatum extracts. The experimental results showed that gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, myricetrin and quercitrin were observed saturated at high concentration (P < 0.05). Bile had significant inhibition effect on protocatechuic acid absorption and had promotion effect on myricetrin and hyperoside absorption (P < 0.05). P-gp inhibitor verapamil could significantly enhance the absorption of Protocatechuic acid (P < 0.05). The overall trend for absorption of various compositions was that small intestine > colon. This indicated that the absorption mechanism of P. capitatum extracts in rat intestine was in line with fist-order kinetics characteristics. The composition could be absorbed in all of the different intestinal segments, and the absorption was mainly concentrated in small intestine. The protocatechuic acid may be the substrate of P-gp.
Animals ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Female ; Intestinal Absorption ; Intestines ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Male ; Polygonum ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this experimental stud y was to explore the mechanism of the vertebral osteophyte formation. METHODS: An experimental model of cervical spondylosis in rabbits was established by resection of the cervical supraspinous and interspino us ligaments and detachment of the posterior paravertebral muscles from cerv ical vertebrae. Because of individual difference, the natural development proced ure of the vertebral osteophyte formation could be seen with a microscope by dyn amic observation. RESULTS: The cartilage end-plate was divided into a growth car tilage layer and an articular cartilage layer. Vertebrae and discs from the 3-m onth control group rabbits showed normal structure. The changes of cartilage pla tes from the 3-month experimental group and the 8-month control group animals showed proliferation in peripheral articular cartilage. The osteophytes from the 8-month experimental group animals could be seen. The osteophyte obviously ari sed from proliferation, calcification and ossification of the peripheral articul ar cartilage. CONCLUSIONS: The vertebral osteophyte arises from proliferation of peripheral articular cartilage which undergoes cartilaginous osteophyte, and then changes into bony osteophyte through an endochondral calcification and ossification.

Objective: To conduct a scoping review on prognostic prediction models for patients with comorbidity of chronic diseases, and understand modeling methods, predictive factors and predictive effect of the models, so as to provide the reference for prognostic evaluation on patients with comorbidity of chronic diseases. Methods: Literature on prognostic prediction models for patients with comorbidity of chronic diseases was collected through SinoMed, CNKI, Wanfang Data, VIP, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and Web of Science published from the time of their establishment to November 1, 2023. The quality of literature was assessed using prediction model risk of bias assessment tool (PROBAST), then modeling methods, predictive factors and predictive effects were reviewed. Results: Totally 2 130 publications were retrieved, and nine publications were finally enrolled, with an overall high risk of bias. Thirteen models were involved, with three established using machine learning methods and ten established using logistic regression. The prediction results of four models were death, with main predictive factors being age, gender, body mass index (BMI), Barthel index and pressure ulcers; the prediction results of nine models were rehospitalization, with main predictive factors being age, BMI, hospitalization frequency, duration of hospital stay and hospitalization costs. Eleven models reported the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), ranging from 0.663 to 0.991 6; two models reported the C-index, ranging from 0.64 to 0.70. Eight models performed internal validation, one model performed external validation, and four models did not reported verification methods. Conclusions The prognostic prediction models for patients with comorbidity of chronic diseases are established by logistic regression and machine learning methods with common nursing evaluation indicators, and perform well. Laboratory indicators should be considered to add in the models to further improve the predictive effects.

Objective　To study the relationship between cartilage end-plate calcification and intervertebral disc degeneration. Methods　An experimental model of cervical disc degeneration in rabbits was established by resection of the cervical supraspinous and interspinous ligaments and detachment of the posterior paravertebral muscles from the cervical vertebrae. Mechanical instability in the cervical spine elicited by this surgical intervention accelerated the process of intervertebral disc degeneration. The extent of intervertebral disc degeneration was graded in morphologically, and the thicknesses of the calcified layer and the uncalcified layer of the cartilage end-plate were measured in each degenerated cervical disc. Results　In less severely degenerative cervical discs, the morphology of the cartilage end-plate showed nearly normal construction, and the tidemark was clear. In severely degenerative discs, the matrix and cells showed fibrosis, the tidemark advanced, and the calcified cartilage thickened. There exists a positive correlation between the thickness of the calcified layer of the cartilage end-plate and the degree of cervical disc degeneration. Conclusion　The calcification of the cartilage end-plate is the key factor that initiates and promotes cervical disc degeneration.

An 11-month-old male infant was admitted to our hospital with fever, fussiness, poor feeding, vomiting, and tachypnea for two days prior. Physical examination revealed sporadic papules and vesicles occurring on his hands, feet, face, and perianal mucosa. Enterovirus 71 was identified from both throat swab and vesicle fluid using virus isolation techniques. The patient's heart rate fluctuated in a very narrow range from 180~210/beats/min regardless of his physiologic state. An electrocardiogram showed P-waves buried within or occurring just after regular, narrow, QRS complexes. The patient was diagnosed as having hand, foot, and mouth disease in combination with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT). The child recovered well with symptomatic treatment, including intravenous administration of acyclovir, glucocorticoids, immunoglobulin, adenosine, and sotalol. PSVT was terminated within 36 hours of hospitalization. The skin lesions became crusted on the third day, and then proceeded to heal spontaneously. Here we report on this unusual case and review the associated literature.
Acyclovir ; Adenosine ; Administration, Intravenous ; Animals ; Child ; Electrocardiography ; Enterovirus ; Fever ; Foot ; Foot-and-Mouth Disease ; Glucocorticoids ; Hand ; Heart Rate ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Immunoglobulins ; Infant ; Male ; Mouth ; Mouth Diseases ; Mucous Membrane ; Pharynx ; Physical Examination ; Skin ; Sotalol ; Tachycardia, Supraventricular ; Tachypnea ; Viruses ; Vomiting

The ZM-1 tissue microarrayer designed by our groups is manufactured in stainless steel and brass and contains many features that make TMA (tissue microarray) paraffin blocks construction faster and more convenient. By means of ZM-1 tissue microarrayer, biopsy needles are used to punch the donor tissue specimens respectively. All the needles with the punched specimen cylinders are arrayed into the array-board, with an array of small holes dug to fit the needles. All the specimen cylinders arraying and the TMA paraffin block shaping are finished in only one step so that the specimen cylinders and the paraffin of the TMA block can very easily be incorporated and the recipient paraffin blocks need not be made in advance, and the paraffin used is the same as that for conventional pathology purpose. ZM-1 tissue microarrayer is easy to be manufactured, does not need any precision location system, and so is much cheaper than the currently used instrument. Our method's relatively cheap and simple ZM-1 tissue microarrayer technique of constructing TMA paraffin block may facilitate popularization of the TMA technology.
Biopsy, Needle ; instrumentation ; Equipment Design ; Female ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Male ; Neoplasms ; enzymology ; Paraffin ; Tissue Array Analysis ; instrumentation

ZM-1 tissue microarrayer designed by our group is manufactured in stainless steel and brass. It features an easier and faster preparation for tissue microarrays. By means of it, a group of biopsy needles are used to punch the donor tissue specimens respectively, and all the needles with the punched specimen cylinders are arranged into the array-board, where small holes have been digged to fit the needles. All the specimen cylinders arraying and the tissue microarray block's shaping are finished simultaneously. ZM-1 tissue microarrayer with a lower cost of manufacture, is capable of preparing the tissue microarrays conveniently, efficiently and quality-controllably.
Equipment Design ; Tissue Array Analysis ; instrumentation

This study was to assess the chronic morbidity and metabolic disordelters in 262 patients with type 2 diabetes.Of all participants,64(24.4%)coexisted with peripheral neuropathy,34(13.0%)combined with peripheral vascular disease.41(15.6%)were diagnosed as diabetic retinopathy,and 46 (17.6%)had concurrent diabetic nephropathy.In comparison with diabetic patients without these complications,those with the chronic conditions generally had higher plasma glucose,blood pressure or body mass index.