SUMOylation is an important post-translational modification of proteins. Similar to ubiquitylation, SUMOylation is the process that the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) proteins are specifically and covalently binding to lysine residues of substrate proteins. Through SUMOylation, the physiological functions and pathological processes of cells are well controlled and balanced, and its abnormal activation has been reported in various tumors. Therefore, SUMOylation has been a potential target for anti-tumor drug development. In this review, we summarize recent advances on development of inhibitors targeting SUMOylation pathway and their antitumor properties.

Objective To analyze the clinical and imaging features of subependymal giant cell astrocytomas in patients with tuberous sclerosis.Methods The clinical data of 48 patients with tuberous sclerosis,admitted to our hospital from July 2007 to August 2009,were collected.According to the patients' history,sign and MRI results,the clinical features and imaging characteristics of subependymal giant cell astrocytomas were analyzed.Results Four patients with tuberous sclerosis were diagnosed as having subependymal giant cell astrocytomas and 2 of them were also diagnosed as having obstructive hydrocephalus;these 4 patients were male with an average onset age of five years (ranged from 1 to 12 years old).Seizure and skin lesions were found in these 4 patients with 3 presenting cognitive dysfunction.CT scanning showed iso-density or slightly low density in subependymal giant cell astrocytornas and some of these tumors were calcified with high density.MRI showed TIWI iso-signal or low signal and T2WI iso-signai or high signal; FLAIR high signal was presented and asymmetrical signal was also shown when calcification happened;enhanced MRI showed significant intensification on the tumors.Conclusion Some patients with tuberous sclerosis can have subependymal giant cell astrocytomas,the slow-growing tumors,which are often adjacent to the foramen of Monro and lead to obstructive hydrocephalus.Long-term follow-up needs to be conducted to find tumors at an early stage in patients with tuberous sclerosis.

Objective To explore the expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor(MIF)in rat hearts with experimental autoimmune myocarditis(EAM)and the possible mechanism of resveratrol's therapeutic effect.Methods Experimental myocarditis model was established by using porcine myocardial immunoglobulin. Twenty-four male 6-week-old Lewis rats were randomly divided into control group(Con),EAM model group(MC) and resveratrol treatment group(MC+ Res).All the rats were detected and compared in the cardiac function according to echocardiographic analysis,and the expression of MIF was detected by Western blot.The degree of myocardial injury was detected by HE staining and the degree of macrophage infiltration in the myocardium was detected by immunohistochemistry.Results In control group,there was no significant inflammatory infiltration or myocardial injury in the myocardium.Heavy local infiltration of macrophages,and dissolved and fractured myocardial fibers were observed in model group.Resveratrol significantly decreased macrophage density and myocardial injury in the heart(P＜ 0.05).Compared with those in control group,LVEDs were significantly increased(P＜0.01)while LVEF and LVFS were markedly decreased in model group(P＜0.01).Compared with model group,LVEDs were significantly decreased(P＜0.05)while LVEF and LVFS were markedly increased in resveratrol group(P＜0.05).The protein expression of MIF was markedly increased in rats of model group(P＜0.01),but was decreased in resveratrol group compared with model groups(P＜ 0.05).Conclusion Increased expression of MIF may be involved in the pathogenesis of EAM.The therapeutic effect of resveratrol on EAM may be associated with down-regulated MIF expression and decreased macrophage infiltration.

ation were complicated, with the characteristics as the obvious decreasing number of patients, with no food-borne isolates in 2007.