Objective To explore the effects of penehyclidine hydrochloride (PHC) on the withdrawal syndrome and conditioned place preference(CPP) of morphine dependent rats. Methods ( 1 ) Forty-eight male SD rats were randomly assigned to 6 groups with one of 8 rats:morphine dependent group (MOR group) ,naloxone precipitated withdrawal group ( NAL group) ,PHC treatment groups ( PHC1,2,3 ) ,normal saline control group ( NS group). Subcutaneous injection of morphine in gradually increasing doses for 5 days (from 10 to 50 mg/kg ,two times daily) to establish the model of morphine physical dependent rats. The withdrawal syndrome was precipitated by naloxone (5 mg/kg,sc) and treated with PHC in various doses (0.5,1.0,1.5 mg/kg ,ip ) 30 min before haloxone-precipitated withdrawal. The body weight loss and withdrawal syndrome were observed respectively in 20 minutes. (2) 40 male SD rats were randomly assigned to 5 groups with one of 8 rats: morphine dependent group (MOR group) ,PHC treatment groups (PHC1 ,2,3 ) ,normal saline control group (NS group). The morphine conditioned place preference was induced by alternate subcutaneous injection of morphine for 7 days in rats ( 10mg/kg,once daily,8:00 AM) and saline( 16:00 PM). At d8,the rats were received the CPP test. The rats of PHC groups were treated with PHC (0.5,1.0,1.5 mg/kg , ip) prior to the CPP test, whereas the rats were treated with saline in MOR and NS group. Results (1) Theweight loss((8.53 ±l.20)g,(7.36±l.06)g,(5.40±1.79 ) g vs ( 12.63 ± 2.22 ) g, F = 83.16, P ＜ 0.01 ) and score precipitated withdrawal symptoms ( 25.36 ± 3.11,21.38±3.50,17.06±1.78 vs 31.69 ±2.76, F=256.56, P＜0.01)of morphine withdrawal rats was obviously alleviated by ip PHC in dose-related manner before naloxone-precipitated withdrawal. (2) There were significant differences in the times spent in the drug-paired side (gray area) between MOR and PHC groups( (529 ± 83 )s,(460 ± 107 ) s, (418 ± 97 ) s vs ( 643 ± 111 ) s, F = 13.22, P ＜ 0.01 ), and also in dose-related manner. Conclusion PHC could significantly inhibit the withdrawal syndrome and the expression of CPP on morphine dependent rats in a dose-dependent manner.

Objective To investigate the effects of penehyclidine hydrochloride ( PHC) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) -induced endothelial cells injury and its mechanism. Methods ECV-304 was cultured in RPMI1640 in a 5% humidified CO2 atmosphere at 37 ℃. Then cultured cells were used to assess the following treatments: control group, LPS group (1 μg/mL) and PHC group(2 μg/mL). At the end of the experiments, supernatant was collected for determination of lactate dehydrogenase ( LDH), and cells were collected for determination of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and nitric oxide (NO) levels. And extracellular regulated kinasel/2( ERKl/2)and JNK MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinases, MAPK) protein expressions were determined using Western blot technique. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for statistical analysis to compare values among all groups. A significant difference was presumed for a probability value < 0.05. Results Compared with control group, LDH leakage [(1642 ± 367) U/L vs (169±33)U/L], the contents of MDA[(13. 2 ± 1. 2) nmol/L vs (7. 2 ±0. 8)nmol/mL] and NO levels [(143.2 ± 10.3) μmol/L vs(85.5 ±4.1) μmol/L], expressions of ERK1/2 and JNK were remarkably increased and SOD activities[(41.2 ±2.7) U/mL vs (61. 1 ±2.8) U/mL] were obviously decreased in LPS group. PHC markedly decreased LDH leakage [(392 ±90) U/L], MDA contents [(8. 6 ± 1. 3) nmol/ mL] and NO levels [(92.1 ±6.6) μmol/L], ERK1/2 activation and enhanced SOD activities [(58.0± 3.0) U/mL]. Conclusions PHC could protect endothelial cells against LPS-induced cell injury. The effect of PHC is likely mediated through inhibition of ERK1/2 MAPK activation.

AIM: To develop an HPLC method for determintion of alliin concentration in rat plasma and to study its pharmacokinetics in rat. METHODS : The plasma samples were extracted with methanol. The analysis involved a ODS-1 column as stationary phase and distilled water as mobile phase. The flow rate was 0.5mL?min -1 ,UV detection wavelength was at 220nm. 5-fluorouracil was used as the internal standard. RESULTS : The calibration curve was linear over the range from 3?g?mL -1 to 75?g?mL -1 with a correlation coefficient of 0.9989 . The mean recovery was 95%. The RSD of within-day and between-day were all less than 5%. The HPLC method of determination of alliin in the plasma was established. After single dose of 300mg?mL -1 in 6 rat,the main pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated to be as follows: CL( 0.048 )mg?min -1 ?kg -1 ,K_ 12 ( 0.0071 )min -1 ,K_ 21 ( 0.0093 )min -1 ,K_a(0.1915)min -1 ,t_ 1/2? ( 26.85 )min -1 ,t_ 1/2? ( 131.15 )min -1 , AUC( 6228.48 )?g?min -1 ?mL -1 . CONCLUSION : This method is quick,precise and reliable. It is shown that alliin is absorbed quickly in rat.

Objective To evaluate the role of p38MAPK signaling pathway in the up-regulation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression during hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation (HSR)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in mice. Methods Thirty-two C3H/HeN (wild-type) mice, aged 10-12 weeks, weighing 20-25 g, were randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 8 each): sham operation group (group S); group HSR; FR167653 (a p38MAPK inhibitor) group (group FR) and FR167653 + HSR group (group FR + HSR). HSR was induced according to the methods described by Ayala et al. MAP was reduced to 35-45 mm Hg and maintained for 60 min.Then the animals were resuscitated with transfusion of the shed blood and lactated Ringer's solution equivalent to the volume of shed blood. FR167653 5 mg/kg was injected intravenosly in group FR. FR167653 5 mg/kg was injected intravenously 30 min before blood-letting in group FR + HSR. The animals were sacrificed by exsanguination at 6 h after resuscitation. The lungs were immediately removed for microscopic examination. The W/D lung weight ratio was calculated and the levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO), IL-10, IL-6 and HO-1 and activated p38MAPK were determined (by ELISA).Results Compared with group S, the pathological score, W/D ratio, the levels of MPO, IL-10, IL-6 and HO-1 and the level of activated p38MAPK were significantly increased in group HSR, the pathological score, W/D ratio and the level of HO-1 were significantly increased in group HSR + FR ( P ＜ 0.01) .Compared with group HSR, the pathological score, W/D ratio, the levels of MPO, IL-10, IL-6 and HO-1 and activated p38MAPK were significantly decreased in group HSR + FR ( P ＜ 0.01 ). Conclusion p38MAPK signaling pathway mediates the up-regulation of HO-1 expression during HSR-induced ALI in mice.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Botulinum Toxins ; therapeutic use ; Child ; Female ; Head ; surgery ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neck ; surgery ; Otolaryngology ; methods ; Otorhinolaryngologic Surgical Procedures ; Young Adult

Objective To explore the cardiac differentiation of human embryonic stem cells(ESCs)in coculturing with human fetal cardiomyocytes.Methods Fetal cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts were obtained from the aborted fetus,and human ESCs were from the inner cell mass(ICM)of the surplus embryos for tube babies,with the treated fibroblast as feeder layer.Human ESCs of passage 2 to 5 were cocultured with fetal cardiomyocytes at the ratio of 1∶2,and the XY chromosome types of these two kinds of human cells were different to each other in order to be marked.At the same time,human ESCs without coculture were used as negative control.The cocultured cells were harvested 5 days later and were double-stained with human XY chromosome probe and cardiac specific antibody(desmin or cardiac troponin I,cTnI).Results On coculture day 5,40%-50% human ESCs expressed cardiac specific antigens,and human ESCs without coculture did not express those antigens.Conclusion Human ESCs could be induced into cardiac differentiation by the coculture with fetal cardiomyocytes,and hopefully they will be the candidate for cell transplantation of heart.

Objective To investigate the effect of penehyclidine hydrochloride (PHCD) on tramadol dependence and c-fos,△ FosB and M5 receptor expression in relevant brain regions in rats.Methods Thirty male adult SD rats weighing 180-220 g were randomly assigned to 3 groups (n =10 each):control group (group C),tramadol dependence group (group T) and PHCD group (group P).Tramadol dependence was induced by subcutaneous 10 mg/kg once a day for 7 consecutive days in groups T and P.PHCD 1.5 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally on day 8 in group P,while in groups C and T the equal volume of normal saline was injected intraperitoneally instead of PHCD.The rats underwent conditioned place perference test at 30 min after intraperitoneal injection.The time spent in drug-paired side (gray area) was recorded.The rats were sacrificed after the conditioned place perference testand the brain was removed.The relevant brain regions (ventral tegmental area,prefrontal cortex,nucleus accumbens )were separated for determination of c-fos,△ FosB expression by Western blot and M5 receptor mRNA expression by RT-PCR.Results Compared with group C,the time spent in the drug-paired side (gray area) was significantly prolonged,and c-fos,△FosB and M5 receptor mRNA expressions were up-regulated in group T,△FosB and Ms receptor mRNA expressions were down-regulated in group P ( P ＜ 0.05 or 0.01 ).There was no significant difference in time spent in the drug-paired side (gray area) and c-fos expression between groups C and P( P ＞ 0.05).Compared with group T,the time spent in the drug-paired side (gray area) was significantly shortened,and c-fos,△ FosB and M5 receptor mRNA expressions were down-regulated in group P (P ＜0.01).Conclusion PHCD can significantly inhibit tramadol dependence by down-regulating c-fos,△FosB and M5 receptor expression in relevant brain regions.

Objective To investigate the effect of penehyclidine hydrochloride (PHCD) on the reinstatement of conditioned place preference (CPP) in morphine dependent rats. Methods Forty male adult SD rats weighing 180-220 g were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 8 each): group control (group C); group morphine (group M) and 3 PHCD groups (group P1-3 ). Morphine 10 mg/kg was injected subcutaneously once a day for 8 days to induce morphine CPP. The rats were then subjected to extinction of CPP for 10 days with normal saline (NS) instead of morphine. After the extinction, the rats were put into the drug-paired side of the box. A single priming dose of morphine 4 mg/kg was injected to reinstate the morphine CPP. In group P1-3 the rats received PHCD 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mg/kg intraperitoneally 30 min prior to priming dose of morphine, whereas in group C and M the rats received NS. The second day the rats underwent CPP test. Results Compared with group M, the time spent in the drug-paired side (grey area) was significantly shortened in group P1-3 (P ＜ 0.05 or 0.01 ).Compared with group P1 ,no significant change in the time spent in the drug-paired side (grey area) was found in group P2(P ＞ 0.05), but the time spent in the drug-paired side (grey area) was significantly shortened in group P3 ( P ＜ 0.05). Conclusion PHCD could significantly inhibit the reinstatement of CPP induced by priming dose of morphine in morphine dependent rats and it is related to the dose.

Objective To investigate the role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) in attenuation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cell injury by penehyclidine hydrochloride (PHC).Methods Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were provided by Medical Research Center,Wuhan University,cultured and seeded in 96-well plate (100 μl/hole) or 24-well plate (3 nl/hole) with density of 1 × 104/ml or in culture flasks (5 ml/flask) with density of 1 × 106/ml.The cells were randomly divided into 4 groups ( n =23 each):group control (group C) ; group LPS; group PHC (group P) and group PHC + LPS (group PL).The cells were exposed to LPS 1 μg/ml in groups L and PL or/and PHC 2 μg/ml in groups P and PL.LPS was added at 1 h after PHC in group PL.The cells were collected at 24 h exposure to LPS for determination of the expression of phosphorylated p38 MAPK (p-p38 MAPK) and p38 MAPK.The ratio between p-p38 MAPK and p38 MAPK was calculated.Cell viability,NO content and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression were also determined.Results LPS significantly decreased cell viability,increased NO content,iNOS expression,p-p38 MAPK and p-p38 MAPK/p38 MAPK ratio in group L as compared with group C.In group PL pretreatment with PHC significantly attenuated LPS-induced cell injury.Conclusion p38 MAPK pathway is involved in attenuation of LPS-induced endothelial cell injury by PHC.

In subclinical diabetic nephropathy with glomerular hyperfiltration,the renal size parameters are increased significantly,and this change sets in as early as before the appearance of microalbuminuria.The average kidney length discriminator value for glomerular hyperfiltration by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis is 10.53 cm,with the best sensitivity,higher specificity and total coincidence rate,and can be a clinical indicator for screening early diabetic nephropathy with glomerular hyperfiltration.