Objective: To study how to activate transforming growth factor ? 1 (TGF ? 1) by coculturing bovine cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (BCMEC) and bovine cerebral microvascular smooth muscle cells (BCMSMC) in vitro , and to observe the effect of high concentration of glucose on active TGF ? 1 (aTGF ? 1) production by the cocultured cells. Methods: BCMEC and BCMSMC were cocultured, and compared with BCMEC or BCMSMC homotypically cultured. 3H TdR assays were used to measure the bioactivity of aTGF ? 1 in the conditioned media. Dot blots assays were used to evaluate the TGF ? 1 mRNA levels of the cultured cells. Then, the cocultured cells were cultured with 5.5 (normal level), 15 and 25(high level) mmol/L glucose for 24 h. The activity of aTGF ? 1 in the media was measured by the same way. Results: aTGF ? 1 was produced in the media of cocultured cells, but not in the media of homotypically cultured cells. Activity of aTGF ? 1 in the media with high concentration of glucose was significantly higher than that in the media with normal concentration of glucose. The dot blots assays implicated that both BCMEC and BCMSMC had TGF ? 1 mRNA expression. But there was no significant change after coculturing. Conclusion: TGF ? 1 can be activated by contacted coculture of BCMEC and BCMSMC in vitro , but the coculturing does not increase the TGF ? 1 mRNA expression. Cultured with high concentration of glucose can increase the aTGF ? 1 content in the media of the cocultured cells. [

This paper summarizes the features of web sites that would be useful to infectious diseases physicians by exploring the Internet through search engine including Google,Baidu and Yahoo.Meanwhile,suggestions from professional forums,web sites and publications are also taken into consideration.Nine Comprehensive sites containing three categories and more of microbial pathogens,nine special sites for parasites,four special sites for fungi,two special sites for viruses and two special sites for bacteria are collected.Subjective navigation for each site is given.Features of these sites,including laboratory images,clinical images and number of images are also described.

Objective To evaluate the methods of measuring platelet-associated antibody PAIgG/ PAIgA/ PAIgM by flow cytometry(FCM) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA), and to investigate their diagnostic value for patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura(ITP).Methods With FCM and ELISA respectively, PAIg on the platelet membrane and in plasma were measured in 19 patients with ITP and 17 healthy volunteers, and were compared with each other in order to find out whether there were differences in these groups.Results FCM and ELISA measurement in patients with ITP were significantly higher than those in control group (P0.05). Compared with the results of ELISA, the positive percentage of PAIgG measured by FCM(84%) in ITP patients was slightly higher than that by ELISA(79%).Conclusion The platelet-associated antibodies of PAIgG/ PAIgA/ PAIgM, especially PAIgG,are important for diagnosing ITP. FCM, in combination with ELISA, may improve the reliability and the positive percentage of detection in ITP patients.

With the aging of population, cerebral small vessel disease has attracted more and more attention. A growing body of literature has confirmed that retinal vascular changes can be used as a potential marker for the prediction of cerebral small vessel disease. The retina is recognized as a window into cerebrovascular and systemic vascular conditions. Combining traditional fundus photograph and fundus fluorescein angiography with optical coherence tomography angiography, the retinal vascular system of patients with cerebral small vessel disease can be comprehensively analyzed. This paper summarizes and analyzes the application of retinal angiography technology in different image types of cerebral small vessel disease and makes a review, in order to provide reference for the early diagnosis and prevention of cerebral small vessel disease.

Programmed death-1(PD-1)is a major co-suppression receptor expressed on T cells.Binding with its ligands (PD-L1 and PD-L2),PD-1 can inhibit T cell proliferation,activation and cytokine secretion.In normal organs,PD-1 /PD-Ls signaling pathway plays an important role in maintaining immune tolerance,while during tumorigenesis,it can suppress T cell immune response and promote tumor immune escape.This article reviewed the research progress on PD-1 /PD-Ls signaling pathway,comprised of structure and expression of PD-1 /PD-Ls, mechanism of the signaling pathway,as well as the expression characteristics of soluble form of PD-1 /PD-L1 (sPD-1 /sPD-L1),and summarized the categories of anti-PD-1 /PD-Ls antibodies and their clinical trials in canc-er immunotherapy.

OBJECTIVE:To observe the effect of Shuanghuang tongfeng capsule(SHTF) on the gouty arthritis.METH-ODS:The gouty arthritis model of rats and rabbits were induced using sodium urate(MSU). The swollen degree of the rat foot,and the amount of synovial fluid,the leucocyte count in synovial fluid and the degree of inflammation of the synovial tissue of joints in rabbits were measured.The effect of SHTF on gouty arthritis was observed. RESULTS:The swollen degree of the foot of rat was lessened obviously by SHTF capsule(5、10、20 g?kg-1,ig).The amount of synovial fluid and the leucocyte count in synovial fluid of the rabbit were decreased significantly by SHTF capsule (4、8、16 g?kg-1,po).The inflammation of the synovial tissue in rabbits was improved obviously by SHTF capsule (8 and 16 g?kg-1,po). CONCLUSION: SHTF capsule have remarkable protective effect on the gouty arthritis induced by sodium urate.

Objective To explore the causation,diagnosis and management of iatrogenic bile duct injury(BDI) of laparoscopic cholecystectomy(LC).Methods A total of 1 656 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy in our department during the last 7 years were included in this study for retrospective analysis.Results There were 274 patients with gallbladder polyps,168 patients with acute calculous cholecystitis and 1214 patients with chronic calculous cholecystitis.There were 15 BDIs associated with LC(0.91%).A total of 8 BDI patients were diagnosed during cholecystectomy.The remaining 7 BDI patients were diagnosed postoperatively.The intraoperative diagnosis of BDI was made on the discovery of bile leakage or double biliary stump during cholecystectomy.Clinical features,diagnostic abdominocentesis and imaging findings formed the basis of diagnosis of BDI postoperatively.One BDI patient was treated by repairing the injuried common bile duct with a T-tube drinage.Four BDI patients were treated by end-to-end anastomosis of injuried bile duct,and one of the four patients was reoperated with Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy because of bile leakage.The remaining 10 BDI patients were treated by Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy,and good results were achieved in all of these patients.Conclusions There is no relationship between the etiology of gallbladder disease and BDI during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.Good results can be achieved if BDI is diagnosed early and treated properly during or after operation.Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy is the primary operation method for treating BDI.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the feasibility of endoscopic sinus surgery under local anesthesia.METHODS A total of 810 patients underwent endoscopic sinus surgery from January 2000 to December 2007 with complete follow-up data were included in this study.Validity of anesthesia was evaluated using VAS(visual analogous scale).Operation time,bleeding quantity during operation,operation therapeutic efficacy,hospitalization cost and patient's evaluation to the operation were recorded.RESULTS The mean VAS score of local anesthesia was 3.18?0.46.Cases with no pain and mild pain accounted for 78.28%,with moderate pain 16.71%,and with severe pain 5.01%.The average bleeding quantity during operation,operation time,complication incidence,cure rate at 6 months after operation,hospitalization cost,patients' evaluation in local anesthesia were(43.25?27.46)ml,(41.14?9.479) min,1.78%,78%,4000～6000 yuan(RMB),9.28? 2.21 respectively.CONCLUSION For the endoscopic sinus surgery,most cases can be operated under local anesthesia if the indication were selected correctly and the sophisticated skills and advanced instrument were available.

Object To study the effect of puerarin on the expression of inflammatory factors and miR-155-3p in human umbilical vein endothelial cells ( HUVEC) induced by visfatin.Methods The HUVEC cell injury model was es-tablished with visfatin.Cell proliferation was measured by MTT assay.Cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry.The level of CRP and NF-κB was detected by ELISA, and the expression of miR-155-3p was detected by RT-PCR.The expres-sion of myeloid differentiation factor 88 ( MyD88) was identified by western blotting.Results Visfatin induced cell prolif-eration and inhibited apoptosis in HUVEC, meanwhile the expressions of both CRP and NF-κB were significantly increased, compared with that of the control group (P<0.01).Puerarin at moderate and high concentrations obviously reduced the HUVEC injury induced by visfatin, mainly through down-regulating the expression of CRP and NF-κB, as well as up-regu-lating the level of miR-155-3p in the HUVEC.MiR-155-3p mimic markedly decreased the level of MyD88, CRP and NF-κB in the HUVEC induced by visfatin (P<0.05).Conclusions Pueprarin obviously alleviates HUVEC injury induced by visfatin, probably related to down-regulating the level of MyD88, CRP, NF-κB, and up-regulating the expression of miR-155-3p in HUVEC.

Objective To observe anomalous genotypes of 4 multi-copy RM Y-STRs in Han population in Hubei province. Methods 252 unrelated male samples were ampliifed using reported and newly designed primers, then detected and analyzed by AB 3130 genetic analyzer. Results A total of 25 anomalous multi-band patterns were observed in 20 samples corresponding to an incident rate of 7.94%. 5 anomalous genotypes were observed in DYF387S1 locus, 15 in DYF399S1, 1 in DYF403S1 and 4 in DYF404S1. Four samples showed extra alleles in more than one locus. Conclusion Anomalous genotype has high incident rates in RM Y-STR markers and requires extensive attention in forensic practice.