Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common cancer with a high incidence and mortality,representing a main type of primary liver cancer.However,the molecular and cellular mechanisms of hepatocellular carcinoma pathogenesis are still poorly understood.Traditionally,the development of hepatocellular carcinoma has been viewed as a process of transforming of normal cells into malignant driven by the genetic alterations in tumor-suppressor gene deactivation and pro-oncogene activation.In recent years,with the deeper understanding of tumor,it has been found that epigenetic alterations are closely related to the occurrence and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma.DNA methylation is one of the most common epigenetic events occurring in human genome,as well as the best studied of the epigenetic changes.This review focuses on the state-of-the-art advancements of DNA methylation in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Objective To evaluate the enhancement effect of SLC(secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine)gene mediated by a repli- cation deficient recombinant adenovirus(Ad)on human pancreatic cancer in vitro and vivo and to investigate the mechanism of action of SLC.Methods Human pancreatic carcinoma cell line ASPC-1 was infected with Ad-SLC and Ad-CFG,and compared with phosphate buffered saline(PBS).MTT(3,-[4,5-dimethyhhiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyhetrazolium bromide)assay was used to estimate the proliferation of ASPC-1 cells;tube formation assay and choriallantoic membrane assay were used to evaluate angiogenesis in vivo and in vitro.Xenografted nude mice with pancreatic cancer were established to observe in vivo tumour growth suppression.Microvessel density re- vealed by CD34 immunohistochemical staining was measured and TIL in tumor region was also evaluated.Results Growth and tube forma- tion of ASPC-1 cells infected with Ad-SLC were suppressed significantly compared with cells infected with Ad-CFG or ceils treated with PBS.Neovascularisation in the Ad-SLC group was less than that in the PBS and Ad-CFG groups,based on chorioallantoic mem- brane results.Volumes of pancreatic tumours in the Ad-SLC group were significantly smaller than those in the PBS and Ad-CFG groups at the end of the treatment period.Microvessel density in the Ad-SLC group was significantly lower than that in the Ad-CFG and PBS groups and TILs in tumor region in the Ad-SLC group was significantly risen much more than that in the Ad-CFG and PBS groups when the mice transferd the same number of TILs from spleen of health mice.Conclusions The SLC gene mediated by adenovirus is efficient for gene therapy for pancreatic carcinoma.Suppression of SLC on proliferation of vascular endothelium cells,attracting TIL to tumor region and angiogenesis may account for its effect.

Hypertriglyceridemia, and the ectopic deposition of triglycerides, are the risk factors for insulin resistance. To clarify the mechanism of regulations in triglyceride metabolism is an approach to the elucidation of pathogenesis and effective treatment of insulin resistance-related diseases.

[Objective] To investigate risk factors and the incidence rate of tracheotomy after cervical spinal cord injuries.[Method]A retrospective analysis was done on 1185 cases suffering from cervical spinal cord injuries statistically.The following correlation factors: ages,gender,type of job,reason of injuries,degree of spinal cord injuries,segment of spinal cord injures,nutritional status during therapy were evaluated by Binary Logistic Regression to discover tile influencing factors for tracheotomy.[Result]Totally 99 cases were undergone tracheotomy(male 87 and female 14).The rate of tracheotomy was 8.35%,Ages,degree of spinal cord injuries,segment of spinal cold injuries,reason of injuries had influence to rate of tracheotomy.The other factors were not correlation to tracheotomy.With increasing of age,the rate of tracheotomy was gradually increased.Nobody was undergone tracheotomy in patients who was younger than 20 years old,and the rate of tracheotomy was 38.7% in patients who was older than 60 years old.With aggravating and segment going up of cervical spinal cord injuries,the rate of tracheotomy was gradually increased.The rate of tracheotomy for cervical spinal cord injury at Grade D was 0.5%,While the rate of tracheotomy for cervical spinal cord complete injury was 19.1%.Tile rate of tracheotomy for cervical spinal cord complete injury was 4.3,22.3,21.6 and 32.7% from C7 to C4,while the rate wasn't high in C3 and C2,because most of these patients had died before they was undergone tracheotomy.The rate of tracheotomy was higher in patients who got injuries from fall than other.[Conclusion]Elder,cervical spinal cord severe injuries,high cervical spinal cord injuries was risk factors for tracheotomy.The patients who got cervical spinal cord complete injuries in C3 or higher than C3 need tracheotomy as early as possible.

Insulin-like growth factorⅠ(IGF-Ⅰ) is essential for the growth and differentiation of hair follicles which is an important part of wool and cashmere.But there is no report on polymorphisms of the IGF-Ⅰ gene in cashmere goat,and also few candidate genes for cashmere production traits have been reported in cashmere goats.The objectives of this work were to detect the single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP) in the 5' flanking region of IGF-Ⅰ gene and to determine their association with fibre traits in Liaoning cashmere goats.The fibre traits data investigated in the experiment were combed cashmere weight,cashmere fibre length and cashmere fibre diameter.A few individuals of the Liaoning cashmere goats,selected according to phenotypic character,were used for SNPs detection in the 5'flanking region of IGF-Ⅰ gene,and four point mutation G→C(388 bp),A→G(668 bp),A→ C(719 bp),G→A(752 bp) were identified,which result in a CdxA bonding-site lack,and score increase of C/EBP site in the 5' flanking region compared with the wild type.Then different genotypes were detected in 520 Liaoning cashmere goats using create restriction site(CRS) and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism(PCR-RFLP),three genotypes,AA,AB and BB were observed coded for by two different alleles A and B for each SNP,and 13 diplotypes were identified in the groups of the four SNPs.The relationships between the genotypes and combed cashmere weight,cashmere fibre length and cashmere fibre diameter were analyzed.The statistical analysis showed that animals with the genotype AA of SNP2 in Liaoning cashmere goats had the thinnest cashmere fiber diameter compared with those with the AB and BB genotype(P

Objective To investigate the trough and peak vancomycin plasma concentrations in steady-state following regular dosage and to improve dosing regimen based on pharmacokinetic modeling, providing reference for clinical practice in children.Methods we retrospectively analyzed pharmacokinetics of vancomycin in 50 cases admitted in our PICU who had been confirmed or suspected with gram-positive bacterial infections following regular dosage[40 mg /(kg?d)].Then we tried to optimize dosing regimens with Monte Carlo simulation to evaluate different dosing regimens of vancomycin in children.Results with regular dosage of vancomycin,mean trough concentrations of vancomycin were (1 1.02 ±4.44 )mg /L, trough concentrations higher than 15 mg /L accounted for only 12%.In the actual program,the extension of a single intravenous infusion to 3 hours after administration would result in 26% of trough concentrations dis-tributing in the range above 15 mg /L.If we increased daily dose to 50 mg /kg and 60 mg /kg with simulation, the trough concentration distribution frequency above 15 mg /L would increase from 12% to 32% and 40%. If minimum inhibitory concentration of vancomycin to pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus )was 1 mg/L,the probabilities of target attainment for pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic evaluation were 51.73%, 76.54% and 87.5% for three dosages [40 mg/(kg?d),50 mg/(kg?d)and 60 mg/(kg?d)]of vancomycin, respectively.we suspected that dosage of 60 mg/(kg?d)was a good choice.with this dosage regimen,we could achieve a substantial increase in the probability of target attainment.Conclusion Following regular dosages, trough concentration distribution frequency from 15 to 20 mg /kg is low.The extension of a single intravenous infusion time can not achieve a good result.According to the result of pathogenic bacteria and anti-microbial susceptibility tests,increasing daily dosage of vancomycin to 60 mg /(kg?d)will help to improve the trough concentration and get more clinic achievements.

BACKGROUND:Spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury is a serious secondary injury of the spinal cord. Multifactor could contribute to the mechanism of this injury, and many therapeutic measures emerge, but the therapeutic effect is not ideal.
OBJECTIVE:To investigate the protective effects and mechanism of hydrogen-rich saline on spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury in rabbits.
METHODS:ZIVIN method was adopted to prepare the model of spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury. The rabbit models were randomly divided into model group, sham operation group, and hydrogen-rich saline group.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Improved Tarlov scores for the evaluation of motor function were significantly increased in hydrogen-rich saline group compared with the model group at 6, 12, 24, 72 hours after reperfusion (P<0.01). The contents of malondialdehyde were significantly lower (P<0.05), while catalase activity was significantly higher (P<0.05) in hydrogen-rich saline group than that in model group at 72 hours after reperfusion. Hematoxylin-eosin staining revealed that, spinal cord anterior-horn motor neurons maintained intact structure in sham operation group;more necrotic spinal cord anterior-horn motor neurons were found in model group, and granular-vacuolar degeneration occurred in the endochylema. In hydrogen-rich saline group, the structure of spinal cord anterior-horn motor neurons was basical y intact, only a smal amount of spinal cord anterior-horn motor neurons appeared vacuolar degeneration. TUNEL staining showed no apoptotic spinal cord anterior-horn motor neurons in sham operation group. Many inflammatory cel s and apoptotic neurons were found in model group. There were few inflammatory cel s and apoptotic neurons in hydrogen-rich saline group. Hydrogen-rich saline can prevent the apoptosis of spinal cord anterior-horn motor neurons in rabbits with spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury, and the underlying mechanism is associated with antioxidative effect.

Objective To evaluate the value of the short-segment nerve conduction studies (SSCSs, inching test) in the diagnosis and localization of cubital tunnel syndrome (CubTS).Methods The clinical and electrophysiologic data of 46 patients (92 limbs from 32 men and 14 women, aged from 19 to 59 years, with average age of 41.2 years) with CubTS were collected.The symptoms occurred in unilateral arm in 41 patients and bilateral arms in 5 patients, involving 35 left arms and 16 right arms.SSCSs were performed in both arms in all the 46 patients.Sixty ulnar nerves were studied in 30 healthy control subjects using SSCSs.Results The 51 symptomatic arms with CubTS were abnormal in long segment motor nerve conduction studies.There were 68 abnormal arms ( 51 symptomatic arms, 17 asymptomatic arms ) in SSCSs.The lesions were located 2 cm proximal to the elbow-the elbow segment ( AE2-E ) in 41 arms (44.6%),the elbow-2 cm distal to the elbow segment (E-BE2) in 23 arms (25%), 4 cm proximal to the elbow-2 cm proximal to the elbow segment (AE4-AE2) in 18 arms (19.6%), 6 cm proximal to the elbow-4 cm proximal to the elbow segment (AE6-AE4) in 9 arms (9.8%), 2 cm distal to the elbow-4 cm distal to the elbow segment (BE2-BE4) in 8 arms(8.6%) and 4 cm distal to the elbow-6 cm distal to the elbow segment (BE4-BE6) in 6 arms(6.5%),respectively.Conclusions SSCSs are more sensitive in detecting CubTS than the conventional long segment motor conduction studies.SSCSs could precisely localize the entrapment lesions in patients with CubTS ,might be a useful tool for the detection of ulnar mononeuropathy at the elbow, especially for diagnosing the patients with CubTS who have no clinical features or have a normal long segmental nerve conduction findings.

Objective To review the clinical,histological and diagnostic aspects of 12 documented cases of nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver(NRHL),to make this condition be understood and dealt with better. Method Twelve NRHL cases were diagnosed based on liver biopsy from 300 portal hypertension patients who had been underwent splenectomy.Imaging studies were performed as part of the diagnostic evaluation.Clinical manifestation and biochemical tests were recorded at the time of diagnosis.Management and prognosis were also reviewed.Results Most patients were complicated with autoimmune disease,6 cases were diagnosed systemic lupus erythematosus and 1 was Crohn's disease and 1 suspected ulcerative colitis.Six cases were treated by prednisone and 3 cases by immunosuppressant.Eleven cases had suffered from portal hypertension.All cases had no history of viral hepatitis.Biochemical tests showed mild increase of liver enzyme and relative normal synthetic liver function.The histological finding was nodular in the hepatic parenehyma,with mild periportal fibrosis,intraportal lymphocytic infiltration,narrow and obstruction of branch of portal vein,and lack of hepatocyte necrosis.All cases were diagnosed liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension before operation.Management was directed to portal hypertension and varices bleeding with satisfactory results.Most of them keep a stable condition during the follow-up. Conclusion The NRHL was uncommon and its cause and pathogenesis was unclear,may be related with immune and hepatic blood circulation disorder.It should be considered in patients with unexplained portal hypertension and distinguished it from liver cirrhosis.Liver biopsy confirms the diagnosis.Management directed to portal hypertension may improve clinical condition.

Objective To sum up the therapeutic experience for pancreatic abscess complicated with severe acute pancretitis (SAP) and to compared the methods of drainage according to its classification , so as to guide the clinical work. Methods Altogether clinical datas of 58 patients with pancreatic abscess were collected in the latest 20 years, pancreatic abscess were divided into 3 groupes according to its size,locationa and figure.Four methods of drainage including open operation drainaging,percutaneous puncture drainaging, small incision drainaging at lower location but not into peritoneal cavity and “F” tube drainaging were adopted.Results 29 cases drainaged by open operation ,among them 10 adopted second look operation and 4 cases third look operation 5 died of the severious complications such as overwelming blooding and intestinal fistula;10 cases through percutaneous puncture drainage ,6 cases cured and the rest converting to open operation and then cured ; 12 cases by small incision through lower location but not into peritoneal cavity ,all cured.Conclusions The results sugggest the effects of drainge related directly to the choose of methods of drainage for pancreatic abscess complicated with SAP,pancreatic classification and to choose an appropriate way according the aforementioned standard will benefit clincial work.