Adenosine Triphosphate ; metabolism ; Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Cantharidin ; pharmacokinetics ; Cell Hypoxia ; drug effects ; Enzyme Inhibitors ; pharmacology ; Epithelial Cells ; drug effects ; metabolism ; pathology ; Flow Cytometry ; Kidney Tubules ; drug effects ; metabolism ; pathology ; Swine

Objective To evaluate the diagnostic value of the metabolic parameters for differentiating focal autoimmune pancreatitis (F-AIP) and pancreatic cancer (PC) by dual time 18F-FDG PET/CT scan.Methods Ten F-AIP patients and 20 PC patients in Changhai Hospital from May 2011 to November 2014 were enrolled in this study.All the AIP patients were histological confirmed or diagnosed by clinical follow up.The PC patients were histological confirmed and gender-and age-matched with F-AIP patients.50％ SUVmax was set as the threshold to fine-tune the boundary of interest.The extracted parameters included SUV SUV metabolic tumor volume (MTV),total lesion glycolysis (TLG),target-to-background ratio (TBR) and the retention indexes(RI) of all the parameters above.The PET/CT imaging features were also observed.Results The high metabolic lesions were observed in both F-AIP patients and PC patients.There were 6 F-AIP patients whose lesion was located in pancreas head,4 F-AIP patients whose lesion was located in pancreas body and tail.There were 12 PC patients whose lesion was located in pancreas head,8 PC patients whose lesion was located in pancreas body and tail.In F-AIP patients,2 cases had dilated pancreatic duct,6 had dilated biliary duct,8 had increased metabolism in mediastinal lymph node and 2 had abdominal lymphadenopathy,which were 8,5,5 and 14 cases in PC patients.The positive rate of mdeiastinal lymphadenopathy in F-AIP patients was statistically higher than that in PC patients,while the positivity rate of abdominal lymphadenopathy in AIP patients was lower than that in PC patients.The difference was statistically significant (both P ＜ 0.05).There were no statistical differences on the positivity rate of the dilated pancreatic duct,intra-and extra-hepatic bile duct between two groups.SUVmax,SUVmean and MTV in F-AIP were 5.37 ± 0.88,3.48 ± 0.66,21.79 ±15.60 in early stage and 6.45 ±1.51,4.23 ± 1.10,19.36 ± 14.63 in delayed stage,and those in PC were 8.31 ±3.08,5.41±1.95,9.26±8.35 in early stage,and 9.75±3.86,6.36±2.56,9.09±10.71 in delayed stage.SUVmax and SUVmean in F-AIP were lower than those in PC,whereas MTV were larger in F-AIP than that in PC.ROC curves for SUVmax,SUVmean and MTV were made.The AUC of SUV was the highest at 0.85,the cut-off value was 4.45,the corresponding sensitivity was 65％ and the specificity was 90％.TLG,TBR and RI of all the parameters were not statistically different in F-AIP and PC.Conclusions The 18F-FDG PET/CT metabolic parameters,such as SUVmax,SUVmean,MTV,could be of special diagnostic significance in discriminating F-AIP from PC.

Objective To evaluate the influence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on maternal and perinatal outcomes in twin pregnancies. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the clinical features of both twin and singleton pregnancies, which delivered in Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center between January 1, 2012 and December 31, 2013. The twin pregnancies were divided into two groups:those with (GDM-T, n=51) and without GDM (non-GDM-T, n=130), which were matched by maternal age and delivery time (within one month) in a ratio of 1∶2 among singleton pregnancies with (GDM-S, n=102) and without GDM (non-GDM-S, n=102), respectively. The differences of adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes among these four groups were examined. The overall assessment of pregnancy outcomes was completed using Delphi method. Statistical analysis was performed with one-way analysis of variance, t test, Kruskal-Wallis test, rank test, Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. Results (1) When compared to GDM-S and non-GDM-S group respectively, less women conceived with the help of assisted reproductive technology, higher proportion of women underwent and gestational age at delivery tend to be earlier in GDM-T and non-GDM-T group (all P<0.01). In oral glucose tolerance test,the fasting blood glucose level of GDM-T group was higher than the other three groups (F=21.716, P<0.01), the glucose levels at 1 and 2 h were higher than non-GDM-T and non-GDM-s respectively (both P<0.01), but no significant difference was found when compared with GDM-S group (P>0.01). Similarly, no significant difference was found in prenatal glycosylated hemoglobin value between GDM-T and GDM-S group (P>0.01). (2) There was no significant difference in the incidences of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, anemia, premature rupture of membranes, oligohydramnios, placental abruption, postpartum hemorrhage, asphyxia neonatorum, small for gestational age, hypoglycemia of newborn, hyperbilirubinemia of newborn and perinatal death between GDM-T group and the other three groups(all P>0.01). Higher incidences of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and postpartum hemorrhage were shown in the GDM-T group than in the GDM-S and non-GDM-S groups, respectively (both P<0.01). The incidences of preterm birth in GDM-T and non-GDM-T group were both higher than that in GDM-S and non-GDM-S, respectively [54.9%(66/102), 53.8%(140/260), 5.0%(10/102) and 3.0%(6/102), all P<0.01], while no significant difference was found between GDM-T and non-GDM-T group (P>0.01). (3) The overall assessment of pregnancy outcomes did not show any difference between GDM-T group and the other three groups (χ2=6.707, P>0.01). However, the score for fetal outcomes in the GDM-T group was higher than in the GDM-S and non-GDM-S group, but lower than in non-GDM-T group [M(Q)=1.0(2.3), 0.0(3.0), 0.0(0.0), 1.0(2.8) score, χ2=122.818, P<0.01]. Conclusions GDM does not increase the risk of adverse pregnant outcomes in twin pregnancies.

Objective To evaluate the predictive accuracy of several risk-assessment strategies to predict the risk of significant neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, and to establish the best prediction model.Methods The transcutancous bilirubin (TcB) levels of 4907 term and near-team infants were measured.Trace blood bilirubin levels of the infants whose TcB levels ≥250 μmol/L were detected. Clinical data of newborns and their mothers were collected and were analyzed with Logistic regression model to investigate its correlation with signifrcant hyperbilirubinemia. Clinical high risk factors of significant neonatal hyperbilirubinemia were determined. Accuracy of three prediction methods for significant hyperbilirubinemia was compared by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The three methods included: whether predischarge bilirubin level (within 72 hours after birth) expressed in risk zone on an hour-specific bilirubin nomogram; clinical risk factors other than predischarge bilirubin level; and combination of the predischarge bilirubin risk zone and other clinical risk factors. Results Two hundred and eighty-six newborns (5.8%) were found with significant hyperbilirubinemia. The risk factors of significant neonatal hyperbilirubinemia were divided into three groups according to OR: (1) Major risk factors:predischarge (within 72 hours after birth) bilirubin level in the high risk-zone (OR=96. 39, 95% CI:53.32-174.27, P = 0. 000), large cephalohematoma (OR = 36.45, 95% CI: 10. 02-132.56,P=0. 0076), gestational age 35-36+6 weeks (OR= 30. 72, 95% CI 14.47-65.23, P=0. 0001) and exclusive breast feeding and weight loss was ＞9% of birth-weight (OR=22.44, 95% CI: 4.42-114. 03, P=0. 0016). (2) Minor risk factors: gestational age 37-37+6 weeks (OR=3.26, 95% CI:1.92-5. 55, P=0. 0232), predischarge bilirubin level in P76-P95(OR=13. 64, 95% CI: 8. 10-22.97,P=0. 0001) and bruising (OR = 2.32, 95% CI: 1.14-4.71, P = 0. 0497). (3)Protective factors (those factors associated with decreased risk of hyperbilirubinemia): predischarge bilirubin level in low-risk zone (≤P40) (OR=0. 00), gestational age ≥40 weeks (OR=0.21, 95% CI: 0.09-0.44,P=0. 0402) and mixed breeding (OR=0. 75, 95% CI: 0. 58-0.95, P=0.0059). The area under the ROC curve of predischarge bilirubin level was 0. 8687 and 0. 7375 for clinical risk factors other than predischarge bilirubin level. The area under the ROC curve of a combination of the predischarge bilirubin risk zone and additional clinical risk factors was 0. 9367. Conclusions The risk of significant neonatal hyperbilirubinemia could be simply and accurately predicted by infant's predischarge bilirubin level and the combination of predischarge bilirubin level, and clinical risk factors might improve the accuracy of prediction significantly.

Objective To detect the changes of hemodynamics in patients with portal vein embolization (PVE) before surgery for hilar cholangiocarcinoma, and analyze the relationship between hemodynamics and liver hypertrophy. Methods The clinical data of 21 patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma who were admitted to the Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital from April 2008 to December 2009 were retrospectively analyzed.Relevant hemodynamic variables were detected and analyzed before and 3, 7, 14 days after PVE. Data were processed using Student t test or linear correlation analysis. Results The main portal vein pressure after PVE was (25.9 ± 4.1 ) cm H2O ( 1 cm H2O = 0.098 kPa), which was ( 3.5 ± 2.5 ) cm H2O higher than that before PVE [( 22.4 ± 4.1 ) cm H2O] ( t = - 6. 504, P ＜ 0.05 ). The blood flow velocity in the non-embolized branch of portal vein increased after PVE, and reached peak [(26 ±9)cm/s] at the seventh day after PVE. A positive correlation was found between the hypertrophic rate of the non-embolized lobes and the ratio of embolized lobes to total liver volume ( r = 0. 593, P ＜ 0. 05 ). Conclusion Greater scope of the embolized vascular bed of portal vein induces higher hypertrophic rate of non-embolized liver.

Streptomyces sp. A048 was cultured in a complete medium to the last stage of log phase,the hyphae were washed and collected by centrifugation. Then the hyphae were inoculated in liquid medium for chitinase production using two-step fermentation. Activity of chitinase produced by two-step fermentation was 1.1 times higher than that from one-step fermentation,and ferment cycle was for 54 hours,which was 66 hours shorter than that of one-step fermentation. The hyphae and the powder of chitin were co-immobilizated and cultured in liquid medium for 36 hours,activity of chitinase was 1.8 times higher than that from one-step fermentation,and ferment cycle was 54h shorter than that of one-step fermentation. By adding 0.4% cellulose to two-step fermentation,activity of chitinase was 18.52 U/mL that was 4 times higher than that from the control and 10 times higher than that from one-step fermentation. Two step fermentation with chitin and cellulose may be the optimal fermentation process to produce Chitinase from Streptomyces sp. A048.

Objective To detect mechanism of action mode of Jiuxieling Granules in spleen and kidney yang deficiency ulcerative colitis. Methods The perfusion of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma Decoction plus intramuscular injection of hydrocortisone and combined with TNBS and ethanol enema were employed to establish UC animal model. Ninety rats were randomly divided into blank group, model group, SASP group and Jiuxieling Granules 7 days, 14 days and 21 days groups. All treatment groups received relevant medicine intervention. The levels of IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γin serum and colon tissue were detected by ELISA. Results Compared with the blank group, the levels of IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ in serum and colon tissues of rats in model group increased (P<0.05);compared with the model group, the levels of IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γin serum and colon tissues of rats in treatment groups were reduced greatly (P<0.05), among which Jiuxieling Granules 21 days group showed the most obvious effects (P<0.05). Conclusion Jiuxieling Granules can regulate the normal secretion of the levels of IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γin serum and colon tissue of model rats, and inhibit inflammation and protect colonic mucosa.

Single cell "omics" technology enables the capture of genome, transcriptome, proteome and other omics information in a high-throughput and unbiased manner at single-cell resolution, allowing the characterization of the functional state of individual cells to reveal their heterogeneity and differential responses to drug treatment. This technology has wide application in pharmacological research, facilitating drug screening, efficacy evaluation, and mechanistic studies. We envision that, in the field of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), single cell omics technology can be applied in the identification of active ingredients and drug targets, and elucidation of drug mechanism of action. In this article, we briefly introduce the single cell omics technology - particularly single cell transcriptome sequencing, and review its application in the field of modern drug research. Based on that, we propose the concept of "single cell pharmacology" and articulate how it can be applied to transform the pharmacological research of TCM and promote TCM modernization.

BACKGROUND: Hypoxia program to alleviate type 2 diabetes insulin resistance has been recommended, but this program is still questioned because of the risk of osteoporosis caused by hypoxia in patients with diabetes. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of vibration training on bone mineral density, bone structural mechanics, bone metabolism and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic osteoporosis rats under hypoxia environment. METHODS: Ninety clean Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups, and subjected to high-fat diet (n=60), or normal diet (n=30), for 8 weeks. High-fat rats were given the injection of streptozotocin to establish the rat model of type 2 diabetic osteoporosis. The control rats were subdivided into normoxia control and hypoxia control groups; the model rats were subdivided into hypoxia modeling group, hypoxia modeling vibration group, normoxia modeling group, normoxia modeling vibration group. Hypoxia and vibration program was performed by hypoxia tank and vibration platform (PowerPlate?) for 12 weeks. Glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, bone metabolism and bone mineral density and modeling were detected at 4 weeks after modeling and 12 weeks after vibration training. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At 12 weeks after intervention, the fast insulin level, fast blood glucose, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance in the hypoxia modeling vibration group were significantly superior to those in the hypoxia modeling, normoxia modeling, and normoxia modeling vibration groups (P < 0.05). The bone mineral density, maximum stress, maximum load, breaking load and elastic modulus in the normoxia modeling vibration and hypoxia modeling vibration groups were significantly lower than those in the normoxia control and hypoxia control groups (P < 0.05). After vibration training, all indexes were significantly increased (P < 0.05). These results suggest that hypoxic environment can promote the insulin sensitivity, improve glucose and lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetic rats, but can lead to a decrease in bone mineral density and increase bone resorption. Vibration training not only can significantly enhance the insulin sensitivity, but also can avoid the decreased bone mineral density, bone metabolism disorder, and biomechanical properties induced by hypoxia.

AIM To fit the moisture adsorption models for Astragali Radix aqueous extract.METHODS For the aqueous extract prepared by decocting,the moisture adsorption kinetics curve and adsorption/desorption isotherms were drawn by gravimetry,and then the data on moisture adsorption were fitted.The fitted models were optimized according to evaluation indices of root mean square error (RMSE),residual sum of squares (RSS) and coefficient of determination (R2).RESULTS The double exponential model for moisture adsorption kinetics curve and Peleg model for adsorption/desorption isotherms were considered as the two best models with regard to their fitting effects (R2 values were the closest to 1,RMSE and RSS values were the closest to 0).Among them,various adsorption/desorption isotherms all belonged to type Ⅱ ("S" isotherm),while the higher equilibrium moisture content of desorption isotherm than that of adsorption isotherm contributed to obvious type H3 hysteresis phenomenon.CONCLUSION Double exponential model and Peleg model can well fit the moisture adsorption kinetics curve and adsorption/desorption isotherms of Astragali Radix aqueous extract,respectively.