Continuous exposure to conventional glucose-containing lactate-buffered solutions will ultimately lead to irreversible changes of the structure and function of peritoneum.Therefore,the development of novel peritoneal dialysis(PD) solutions has become the focus in the PD fields in recent years.Icodextrin,which has more adventages than conventional PD solutions,is one of the most important advancements in the past decade.Icodextrin has better biocompatibility,and can reduce the absorption of carbohydrates to decrease the metabolic complications in PD patients.Apart from increasing ultrafiltration,icodextrin can also improve the fluid status and protect the residual renal function of PD patients.However,adverse consequences may result from the pseudo-hyperglycaemia caused by limited measurement of serum glucose.This article reviews the features and applications of the new PD solutions—icodextrin solutions.

Objective　To investigate the effect of T-2 toxin on apoptosis of chondrocytes.Methods　Chondrocytes which were obtained from aborted fetal were cultured in vitro.Four days later,these chondrocytes were exposed to T-2 toxin in different concetrations for 16 hours.According to the concentratio ns,five experimental groups were divided:0,5,10,20,40 μg/L.Then TUNEL staining and Flowcytometry were used to detect the apoptosis of chondrocytes qualitativel y and quantitatively,the effect of T-2 toxin on proliferation of chondrocytes were also observed.Results　After being exposed to T-2 toxin,the body of chondrocytes shrinked obviously and there was a dose-dependent relationship bet ween the toxin concentration and the degree of shrink.The concentration of T-2 toxin changed from 0 μg/L to 10 ng/ml,the number of apoptosis increased.Conclusions　 T-2 toxin can inhibit the proliferation of chondroyte significantly in a dose-depenent manner. T-2 toxin can induce the apoptosis of chondrocyte and the numbers of apoptosis is proportionate to the concentration of T-2 toxin in particular range.

AIM: To explore the way and the feasible time of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) transplanting to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) rats, and to investigate the migration of OECs after transplanted to EAE and the possible mechanism of inducing the protective effect. METHODS: The Lewis rats, which were divided into MOG group and GPSCH group according to the induction by MOG~Igd and GPSCH separately, were used to made EAE model. The animals in MOG group were divided into 3 subsets: OECs blank group (MOG0 group, 4 rats );OECs transplantation by vena caudalis (MOG1 group, 7 rats);OECs transplantation by lateral cerebral ventricle (MOG2 group, 4 rats). The animals in GPSCH group were also divided into 2 subsets: OECs blank group (GPSCH0 group, 4 rats);OECs transplanted by vena caudalis (GPSCH1 group, 4 rats). OECs transplanted through different ways in peak incidence, then the rats were measured to determine whether the symptom was ameliorated. Two weeks after transplantion, the rats were killed and the methods of histofluorescence and histopathology (HE staining and Luxol fast blue staining) were used to examine the distribution of the labeled OECs in EAE rats' bodies and to explore whether there was some amelioration in histology. RESULTS: After OECs transplantation by vena caudalis or lateral cerebral ventricle, the rats' symptom improved. Compared to OECs blank groups, there was significant difference in clinical scores (F=18.470, P<0.01;t=-7.147, P<0.01). No significant difference between MOG1 group and MOG2 group was observed (P>0.05). The labeled OECs entered into the brain through the broken blood-brain-barrier after transplantation by vena caud-alis, the labeled OECs near the subpial area and around the lesions were found. OECs transplantation by the way of lateral cerebral ventricle showed great migration potential, the cells moved towards to the lesions extensively. No significant difference between OECs transplantation group and OECs blank group in histopathology (HE staining and LFB staining) was observed (P>0.05), and the same thing also happened between MOG1 group and MOG2 group (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: The transplantation of adult rats' OECs improves the EAE rats' symptom at some degree by the ways of vena caudalis or lateral cerebral ventricle.

OBJECTIVETo establish a general method of focal cerebral ischemia model in different varieties of mice.

METHODEach group of healthy adult KM and C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into control group (n = 10) and MCAO group (n = 10). The mice in MCAO group were applied in the preparation of the MCAO model by intraluminal occlusion using monofilament. Twenty-four hours after operation,the neurologic function was evaluated,middle cerebral artery blood flow was monitored and the infarction volume was calculated by TTC staining, to evaluate the reliability of the model.

RESULTIn the MCAO group, the base value of the cerebral blood flow down of KM and C57BL/6 mice respectively was (81.65 ± 4.59)%, (83.68 ± 6.25)%. The neurological deficit score respectively was (2.30 ± 0.82), (2.50 ± 0.80). TTC staining can clearly show the infarction area, and relatively stable, 24 hours of the survival rate of KM and C57BL/6 mice were 100% and 80% respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe key link is the optimization and improvement of monofilament, temperature, anesthesia and so on. The modified intraluminal occlusion of MCAO using monofilament is a kind of reliable and simple method to establish experimental cerebral ischemia model in mice.

Animals ; Blood Flow Velocity ; Brain ; blood supply ; pathology ; physiopathology ; Brain Ischemia ; complications ; physiopathology ; Cerebrovascular Circulation ; Disease Models, Animal ; Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery ; complications ; physiopathology ; Male ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Middle Cerebral Artery ; pathology ; physiopathology ; surgery ; Nervous System Diseases ; etiology ; physiopathology ; Species Specificity

Objective To analyze the composition principles of Chinese patent drugs containing Rehmanniae Radix;To provide reference for clinical application and new drug research and development.Methods Based on the software Traditional Chinese Medicine Inheritance Support System (V2.0), the authors built prescription database containing Rehmanniae Radix in National Standard for Chinese Patent Drugs (NSCPD). Then the authors adopted the statistical module by using data mining methods such as association rules and improved mutual information method, with a purpose to analyze the attending disease, combination rules and the core groups in prescriptions containing Rehmanniae Radix.Results In 357 prescriptions containing Rehmanniae Radix, 17 most commonly used drug combinations were mined. Meanwhile, two diseases, namely, insomnia and vertigo were chosen from the 22 diseases that Rehmanniae Radix was most frequently used to make deeper analysis, showing that Rehmanniae Radix can achieve different therapeutic effects through different compatibility.Conclusion Prescriptions containing Rehmanniae Radixin NSCPD mainly concentrate on clear heat and cool blood, and nourish Yin. The composition principles obtained from the research that Rehmanniae Radix used when curing different diseases can fully play the efficacy of RehmanniaeRadix and provide evidence for clinical scientific formulae.

OBJECTIVE: To design and synthesize a series of chlorogenic acid derivatives in order to improve the solubility and lipid-water partition coefficients of chlorogenic acid, and test the bioactiviteies of the target compounds. METHODS: The target compounds were synthesized from chlorogenic acid by three-step reactions of hydroxyl protection, acylation, and deprotection. The antitumor activities of the compounds were evaluated against two different tumor cell lines by MTT assay, and the DPPH method was used to measure the antioxidant activities of the compounds. RESULTS: Eight title compounds were prepared, the structures of the compounds were confirmed by IR and NMR. The MTT assay showed that the compounds exhibited certain antitumor activities and better antioxidant activities, and the activities against A-549 and SGC-7901 tumor cells and the scavenging ratio to DPPH· were similar to those of chlorogenic acid. CONCLUSION: Chlorogenic acid derivatives containing amide group still have antitumor and antioxidant activities.

OBJECTIVE: To design and synthsize a series of novel phosphonate derivatives. METHODS: First, the intermediates of aminophosphonate was prepared by solvent-free one-pot method using aromatic aldehyde, ammonium acetate, diethyl phosphite and Al(OTf)3 as raw materials. Then, using basic ionic liquid OH as catalyst, the target compounds were synthesized by the reaction of intermediate with sulfonyl chloride. And the antibacterial activities of the products were evaluated by the agar dilution method. RESULTS: Twelve title compounds were synthesized, and their structures were clearly established by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and MS. The results showed that the derivatives have different inhibitory activities against Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria, especially the compounds Ⅱe and Ⅱk showed better activity, the MIC of the former for S.aureus, E. coli, MRSA and MREC was 32, 64, 32, and 128 μg•mL-1, respectively, and the MIC of the latter was 16, 64, 32, and 64 μg•mL-1, respectively. Its antibacterial activities were significantly better than that of the control drug sulfadiazine, and close to that of gatifloxacin. CONCLUSION: These derivatives have potential antibacterial activity, which is worth for further structural optimization and study.

OBJECTIVE: To design and synthesize a series of novel ester derivatives of rhein were designed and synthesized, and evaluate their anti-MRSA activity. METHODS: The title compounds were synthesized with rhein and α-hydroxyphosphonate as starting materials, EDCI/HOBT and [Bmim] BF4 as catalyst system. And the anti-MRSA activities of the products were evaluated by the agar dilution method. RESULTS: Ten title compounds were synthesized,and their structures were clearly established by IR, NMR and MS. The RESULTS: showed that the derivatives have different anti-MRSA activity. Especially, showed potent activity against MRSA with the minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration(MBC) values of compound Ⅱ-3 was 128, 512 μg·mL-1 respectively,superior to rhein and oxacillin. And the MIC and MBC of compound Ⅱ-10 to MRSA was 32, 64 μg·mL-1, its anti-MRSA activity was obviously better than that of rhein and oxacillin. CONCLUSION: The ester derivatives of rhein are significant resistant to MRSA, which is worth for further study.

OBJECTIVE: To search more effective antibacterial candidate agents by designing a series of 7-phosphoryl quinolone derivatives,exploring the synthetic methods, and evaluating their antibacterial activities. METHODS: The quinolone derivatives were synthesized using phosphate and quinolone intermediates as raw materials and alkaline ionic liquid [Bmim] OH as catalyst with microwave assistance. The antibacterial activities of the products were evaluated by agar dilution method. RESULTS: Eight title compounds were prepared, and their structures were clearly established by IR, NMR and MS. The in vitro experiment showed that the derivatives had potential antibacterial activity. Especially, compound Ⅱc showed more potent activities against S. aureus, E. coli, MREC-1# and MREC-2# with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 1.6, 6.4, 12.8,6.4 mg•mL-1, respectively, and the MICs of compound Ⅱ gagainst S. aureus, E. coli, MREC-1# and MREC-2# were 1.6, 3.2, 6.4, 6.4 mg•mL-1, respectively. Its activity on drug-resistant bacteria was better than that of the control drug norfloxacin. CONCLUSION: The quinolone derivatives are highly active on drug-resistant bacteria.It is worth of further study.

Objective To analyze the chemical components of Fructus Aurantii (FA) and Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (FAI).Methods HPLC-ESI-MS with Surveg mass spectrometer was used in the study.Chromatographic column: Symmetry Shield TM RP_ 18 (150 mm?3.9 mm, 5 ?m) (Waters, Milford, MA, USA); mobile phase: (A) water (0.6% HAc, pH=2.5), (B) methanol. Gradient elutions: 20%- 40% B (0-48 min); 40% B (48-54 min); 40%-55% B (54-60 min); 55%-95% B (60-75 min); 95% B (75-85 min); 95%-20% B (85-90 min).Flow rate and wavelength were 0.7 mL/min and 283 nm at room temperature, respectively.Results Four kinds of flavonoids were identified as naringin, neohesperidin, naringenin, and hesperidin, synephrine was also identified in FA and FAI. Furthermore, the contents of them were determined individually.The results showed that the chemical constituents in FA and FAI were the same but the contents were different.Conclusion HPLC-ESI-MS method can be efficiently used to study FA and FAI.