SUMOylation is an important post-translational modification of proteins. Similar to ubiquitylation, SUMOylation is the process that the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) proteins are specifically and covalently binding to lysine residues of substrate proteins. Through SUMOylation, the physiological functions and pathological processes of cells are well controlled and balanced, and its abnormal activation has been reported in various tumors. Therefore, SUMOylation has been a potential target for anti-tumor drug development. In this review, we summarize recent advances on development of inhibitors targeting SUMOylation pathway and their antitumor properties.

Acetates ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Diving ; adverse effects ; Ear Canal ; injuries ; Nitrogen ; Oxygen ; Protective Agents ; pharmacology ; Rabbits

AIM: The distribution of endothelin-1(ET-1) in uterine tube and its source were investigated in order to find out relation between endothelin-1 and function of uterine tube.METHODS: The distribution of endothelin-1 and the expression of ET-1 mRNA in the rabbits uterine tubes were studied using SABC immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization histochemistry with digoxigenin-labelled rat ET-1 cRNA probe. RESULTS: ET-1 granules with red color were seen in the uterine tube epithelial cells and they were located mainly above the cell nucleus and under the cell surface membrane. Less ET-1 granules were seen in the myometrium of uterine tube. ET-1 mRNA positive hybridization signals with deep blue were distributed in the uterine tube epithelial cells. These signals were strong and dense. They were distributed mainly above the nucleus and near the cell surface membrane. ET-1 mRNA positive hybridization signal was not seen in the myometrium of uterine tube.CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that epithelial cells of rabbit's uterine tube epithelial cells secrete ET-1.

Objective To summarize the characteristics of fetal hand deformity in prenatal two-and three-dimensional u1trasonography. To analyze the causes of missed diagnosis of prenatal u1trasonography in detecting fetal hand deformity. Methods Systematic continuous sequence approach was performed with two-and three-dimensional u1trasonography in 11 854 cases to detect the fetal hand development, deformity and accompanied malformations. Prenatal sonographic features of fetal hand deformities (59 cases) were correlated with the morphology and X-ray characteristics of the delivered fetuses. Results Fifty-nine cases of fetal hand deformity were diagnosed out of 11 854 fetuses by prenatal u1trasonography:44 cases of abnormal wrist posture,1 case of full-ifnger absence, 2 cases of metacarpal and phalanx absence, 3 cases of clinodactyly, 2 cases of forearm and hand absence, 1 case of syndacty, 1 case of polydacty, 5 cases of lethal bone dysplasia. The detection rate was 0.50%(59/11 854). Eight cases were missed:3 cases of partial ifnger absence, 2 cases of clinodactyly, 1 case of syndacty, and 2 cases of polydacty. The rate of missed diagnosis is 11.90%(8/67). Abnormal wrist posture showed a hook-shaped hand in the wrist. Full-finger absence showed that one or multiple ifngers were absent. Metacarpal and phalanx absence showed no fetal hands. Clinodactyly showed that four ifngers were not in the same plane. Forearm and hand missing showed that ulna, metacarpal and phalangeal were absent. Syndacty showed a beak-like hand. Multi-ifnger indicated six ifngers in one hand. Lethal bone dysplasia showed very short limbs. Conclusions Prenatal u1trasonography played an important role in detecting and diagnosing severe type of fetal hand deformity. The detection rate of fetal hand deformities can be greatly improved by appropriate use of the scan-time, fetal position, systematic continuous sequence approach and real three-dimensional u1trasonography.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the therapeutic effect of glandular flap combined with dermal flap suspension for correction of mild and moderate breast ptosis.

METHODSThe dermal flap was formed according to the breast ptosis and dissection was performed between the skin and gland. The superior-lateral gland was partially resected or cut vertically only to form the lateral glandular flap. Then the glandular flap was rotated medially and fixed to shrink the glandular base area. Then the breast was up-positioned and fixed with dermal flap to remodel the breast shape.

RESULTSFrom Mar. 2006 to Mar. 2010, 46 cases were treated with satisfactory result. There was no severe complication, except for 2 cases of unilateral hematoma. 40 cases were followed up for 6 months to 4 years with good breast shape. No secondary ptosis, breast flatten and NAC sensation disorder was happened.

CONCLUSIONSGlandular flap combined with dermal flap suspension is a good method for mild and moderate breast ptosis with reliable long-term results. The breasts have busty appearance and good projection with inconspicuous scar.

Adult ; Breast ; surgery ; Breast Diseases ; surgery ; Female ; Humans ; Mammaplasty ; methods ; Middle Aged ; Surgical Flaps

BACKGROUNDThere have been few studies to evaluate the effects of helical CT on bladder tumor. This study was to evaluate the clinical applications of helical CT dynamic contrast-enhanced axial imaging, multiplanar reformation (MPR), three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction and virtual cystoscopy (CTVC) in bladder tumors.

METHODSThe precontrast and four-phase postcontrast helical CT scans were performed in 42 patients with bladder tumors confirmed by conventional cystoscopy and pathology. MPR, 3D and CTVC images were generated from the volumetric data of the excretory phase. The results were then compared with the findings of conventional cystoscopy and surgery in a double-blinded mode.

RESULTSThe sensitivity of the axial, 3D and CTVC images in detecting the bladder tumors were 90.8%, 76.9% and 95.4% respectively. The dynamic contrast-enhanced axial images could provide excellent intramural and extravesical information, and the accuracy in preoperative tumor staging was 87.7%. MPR could directly demonstrate the origin and extravesical invasions of the tumors and their relation to the ureter. 3D and CTVC images were useful for displaying the surface morphology of the tumor and the relationship between the tumor and the ureteric orifices, whereas CTVC could depict the tumors smaller than 5 mm that were not seen on the axial images.

CONCLUSIONSThe combination of axial, MPR, 3D and CTVC images with helical CT can provide comprehensive information on bladder tumor.

Adult ; Aged ; Cystoscopy ; Female ; Humans ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Tomography, Spiral Computed ; methods ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms ; diagnostic imaging

UNLABELLEDOBJECTIVE : To study the anti-atherosclerotic mechanism of bear bile powder (BBP) in Shexiang Tongxin Dripping Pill (STDP) , and to provide scientific evidence for treating atherosclerosis (AS) by its therapeutic characteristics of cool resuscitation.

METHODSAS model was duplicated using ApoE-/- gene knocked mice fed with high-fat diet. Thirty ApoE-/- deficient male mice were divided into four groups according to body weight using random digit table, i.e., the model group (A, n =9), the STDP group (B, n=E7), the STDP without BBP group (C, n =7), and the BBP group (D, n =9). Besides, another 9 C57BL/6J male mice of the same age were recruited as a normal control group (E). All mice in Group B, C, and D were respectively administered with corresponding drugs (30, 30, and 0. 33 mg/kg) by gastrogavage. Equal volume of normal saline was administered to mice in Group A and E. All medication lasted for 8 successive weeks. Serum levels of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 2 (IL-2), interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor a (TNF-α), interferon y (IFNγ), and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) were measured by ELISA. Serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), activities of glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were determined using biochemical assay. Contents of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the aortic root was detected by dihydroethidum (DHE) fluorescent probe. Expression levels of microRNAs (such as miR-20, miR-21, miR-126, and miR-155) were detected by real-time PCR.

RESULTSThe fluorescence intensity of the aorta was obviously enhanced in Group A. But it was obviously attenuated in Group B, C, and D, and the attenuation was the most in Group B. Compared with Group E, serum levels of IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, oxLDL, and MDA all increased (P <0. 01), GSH contents and SOD activities decreased (P <0. 01), expression levels of miR-126, miR-21, and miR-155 in aorta increased (P <0. 01), and the expression level of miR-20 decreased in Group A (P<0. 01). Compared with Group A, serum levels of IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, oxLDL, and MDA were all down-regulated (P <0. 01), GSH contents and SOD activities were up-regulated (P <0. 01), expression levels of miR-126, miR-21, and miR-155 in aorta were down-regulated in Group B, C, and D (P <0. 01). The expression level of miR20 was up-regulated in Group B and D (P <0. 01). Compared with Group B, serum levels of IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ increased (P <0.01); GSH contents and SOD activities decreased, levels of MDA and oxLDL increased (P <0. 01) in Group C and D. Expression levels of miR-20 and miR-155 were down-regulated in Group C and D (P <0. 01).

CONCLUSIONSSTDP played roles in significantly regulating inflammatory factors and oxidative stress factors. Its mechanism might be possibly associated with regulating expressions of miR-126, miR-21, miR-155, and miR-20 in aorta. BBP played significant roles in STDP.

Animals ; Aorta ; Apolipoproteins E ; metabolism ; Atherosclerosis ; Bile ; Cytokines ; Diet, High-Fat ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Interleukin-6 ; metabolism ; Lipoproteins, LDL ; metabolism ; Male ; Malondialdehyde ; metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Oxidative Stress ; Plaque, Atherosclerotic ; drug therapy ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; Superoxide Dismutase ; metabolism ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; metabolism ; Ursidae

OBJECTIVETo investigate the primary culture of mammary epithelial cells derived from human breast hypertrophy.

METHODSMammary epithelial cells of human breast hypertrophy were isolated and cultured by the collagenase digestion method. The morphology observation and identification of the cultured cells were performed by inverted microscope observation, HE staining and cytokeratin immunohistochemical staining.

RESULTSMost of the cultured cells were pebbles-like or polygon under the inverted microscopy. Some had irregular form. They had typical island-like appearance during multiplication with close connection between the cells. The HE staining results showed the cytoplasm was stained pink or lilac, the nucleus was stained bluish violet and was round or oval in shape, with clearly visible chromosomes in dark blue. The cytokeratin immunohistochemical staining demonstrated the tissue-specific expression of cytokeratin 18 in epithelial cells by the cytoplasm stained claybank.

CONCLUSIONHigh purity of primary mammary epithelial cells derived from human breast hypertrophy can be obtained by the collagenase digestion method and conditioned medium.

Breast ; cytology ; pathology ; Cells, Cultured ; Epithelial Cells ; cytology ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertrophy ; pathology ; Primary Cell Culture ; methods

Objective To analyze the clinical features and to explore the potential mode of genetic transmission of vitiligo vulgaris in Chinese Han population. Methods Information on the clinical features and the familial history of patients with vitiligo vulgaris was collected by a uniform questionnaire. The data were inputted into a data base, then analyzed by Epi Info 5.0 and SPSS 10.0 software packages. A complex segregation analysis was conducted using the REGTL program in SAGE 3.1 package in order to propose the putative mode of genetic transmission for vitiligo vulgaris. Results The mean age of onset of vitiligo vulgaris of the males and females was about 19 years old. In the severity of the disease and the season of onset, there was no significant difference between males and females. For the patients with vitiligo vulgaris, there was a female preponderance of complicating with autoimmune disorders, especially hyperthyroidism. The prevalence rates of vitiligo in patients′ relatives were significantly higher than that in general population. The mode of transmission of vitiligo vulgaris was one of the multifactorial inheritance according to the results obtained by the complex segregation analysis. Conclusions There are no differences in the prevalence and the age of onset between males and females patients. There is a marked familial aggregation in the patients with vitiligo vulgaris. The familial clustering might result from the polygenic additive genetic background and common environmental factors. It is suggested that vitiligo vulgaris be a multifactorial complex disease.

ObjectiveTo investigate the value of 18F-FDG SPECT myocardial imaging in evaluating haemodynamic change,treatment outcome and prognosis for idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH).MethodsAll 24 patients with IPAH underwent 18 F-FDG SPECT myocardial imaging.Right ventricle/left ventricle (RV/LV)-FDG uptake was calculated by ROI method drawing over the central areas of left and right ventricular free walls.All patients underwent right heart catheterization within 3 days after imaging studies.Mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) were recorded.After six month pharmaceutical treatment,15 IPAH patients were re-examined with 18F-FDG SPECT myocardial imaging followed by repeated right heart catheterization within 3 days.Plasma N-terminal pro-brain naturetic peptide (NT-proBNP) and endothelin-1 ( ET-1 ) were measured in 17 patients using electrochemiluminescent immunoassay and enzyme immunoassay respectively.All patients were followed up for 12 months at least.Correlations between RV/LV-FDG uptake and mPAP and PVR were determined by simple linear regression analysis.Change of RV/LV-FDG before and after treatment was calculated using Student's t-test.Survival in groups with RV/LV FDG uptake ≥ 1.15 and RV/LV-FDG uptake ＜ 1.15 were compared using Log-rank test.ResultsSignificant correlations were found between RV/LV-FDG uptake and mPAP (r =0.562,P ＜ 0.01 ),and between RV/LV-FDG uptake and PVR ( r =0.574,P ＜ 0.01 ).There were no significant correlation between RV/LV-FDG uptake and NT-proBNP( r =0.18 1,P ＞ 0.05 ),but a significant correlation between RV/LV-FDG and ET-1 was observed (r =0.669,P ＜ 0.01 ).The RV/LV-FDG uptake in patients with positive treatment outcome ( n =6) decreased from 1.38 ± 0.52 to 0.92 ±0.26 (t =4.018,P ＜ 0.05) after 6 months treatment.In contrast,no significant change of RV/LV-FDG uptake was seen in those patients (n =9) with negative treatment outcome ( t =1.861,P ＞ 0.05 ).The mean follow-up time was (21 ±8) months.Mean survival time for the patients with RV/LV- FDG uptake ≥ 1.15was 28 months (95％ confidence interval:24-32 months),which was significantly lower than 34 months survival (95％ confidence interval:33-35 months) for the patients with RV/LV-FDG ＜ 1.15 (x2 =3.956,P ＜0.05 ).Conclusions Detection of right ventricle myocardial glucose metabolism level with 18F-FDG SPECT may be a practical method for evaluating haemodynamic change,treatment outcome and prognosis of IPAH.