AIM: To develop an HPLC method for determintion of alliin concentration in rat plasma and to study its pharmacokinetics in rat. METHODS : The plasma samples were extracted with methanol. The analysis involved a ODS-1 column as stationary phase and distilled water as mobile phase. The flow rate was 0.5mL?min -1 ,UV detection wavelength was at 220nm. 5-fluorouracil was used as the internal standard. RESULTS : The calibration curve was linear over the range from 3?g?mL -1 to 75?g?mL -1 with a correlation coefficient of 0.9989 . The mean recovery was 95%. The RSD of within-day and between-day were all less than 5%. The HPLC method of determination of alliin in the plasma was established. After single dose of 300mg?mL -1 in 6 rat,the main pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated to be as follows: CL( 0.048 )mg?min -1 ?kg -1 ,K_ 12 ( 0.0071 )min -1 ,K_ 21 ( 0.0093 )min -1 ,K_a(0.1915)min -1 ,t_ 1/2? ( 26.85 )min -1 ,t_ 1/2? ( 131.15 )min -1 , AUC( 6228.48 )?g?min -1 ?mL -1 . CONCLUSION : This method is quick,precise and reliable. It is shown that alliin is absorbed quickly in rat.

A set of teaching methods have been explored and practiced in this paper, which include paying attention to knowledge originating process teaching, enhancing thought training, constructing microbiology knowledge system, concerning reality, following the advanced achievement during the microbiology class teaching process, in order to improve teaching quality overall, cultivate students’ innovative ability.

Objective To discuss the operative methods, timing and outcomes of severe open Pilon fractures. Methods From April 2003 to July 2008, 21 patients with open Pilon fractures were admitted. All the patients were type C fracture according to AO/OTA classification, including 17 cases of type C2 and 4 cases of type C3. According to Gustilo classification, there were 18 cases of type Ⅱ, 2 cases of type ⅢA, 1 case of type ⅢB. The patients were treated in two different ways: one-stage minimally invasive osteosynthesis for reconstruction of the articular surface with transarticular external fixation of the ankle (19 cases),which included 16 cases of Gustilo Ⅱ AO/OTA C2, 2 cases of type Gustilo Ⅱ AO/OTA C3 and 1 case of type Gustilo ⅢA AO/OTA C2. Formal open reconstruction of the articular surface by plating and external fixation was performed when the condition of soft tissue had improved (2 cases), which included 1 cases of type Gustilo ⅢA AO/OTA C3 and 1 cases of type Gustilo Ⅲ B AO/OTA C3. Results All the patients were followed up from 6 to 48 months, with the mean of 24 months. The outcome of reduction was evaluated by the Burwell-Charnley score. Anatomical reduction was found in 6 cases, function reduction was in 14 cases and poor reduction was 1 case. The heal-time ranged from 2.5 to 11 months, with the mean of 4.7 months. The delayed union occurred in 2 cases. The rate of delayed union was 9.5%. Two patients experienced skin superficial necrosis. There were superficial infection in 2 cases and deep infection in 1 case. The infection rate was 14.3%. Eight cases experienced early traumatic arthritis. The incidence of this complication was 38.1%.According to American Orthopedic Foot Ankle Society (AOFAS) scale for ankle joint, the result of the treatment was 66-94, with an average of 85.2. Conclusion It is important to have the optimal timing of surgery and reliable fixation according to fracture classification, the condition of soft tissue and time after injury. It is the key to evaluate the condition of soft tissue and protect the blood supply.

Objective To introduce the treatment of intraarticular calcaneal fractures with poor soft tissue using poking reduction combined with Ilizarov methods. Methods From September 2007 to September 2009,11 patients with the intraarticular calcaneal fractures were treated with poking reduction combined with Ilizarov methods,including 10 males and 1 female at average age of 33.6 years(range,21-50 years).Four patients had the left calcaneal fractures and seven with the right ones.According to Sander classification,there were seven patients with type II fractures,three with type III fractures and one with type IV fracture.The various extents of heel soft tissue injury were emerged in all the patients.Before operation,B(o)hler angle was 0°-12°(average 8°)and Gissane angle 70°-95°(average 80°).According to AO classification of close soft tissue injury,there were three patients with type IC2,six with type IC3,one with type IC5 and one with open soft tissue injury.The collapse of the articular surface was recovered by Steinmann pin which passed through the lateral calcaneal tubercle.The medial and lateral fracture fragments were corrected by using the tensed olive wires.The heighat and width were maintained by using the Ilizarov external fixation. Results The mean duration of follow-up was 13.3 months (range,6-20 months).All fractures were healed after mean duration for 8.1 weeks(range,7-10weeks).The postoperative B(o)hler angle was 20°-45°(average 33°)and Gissane angle 100°-118°(average 107°).According to Maryland Foot Score system,the result of postoperative function was excellent in seven patients,good in three and fair in one,with excellence rate of 91%. Conclusions For the intraarticular calcaneal fractures,the poking reduction combined with Ilizarov method is able to recover and maintain the normal calcaneal height and width and reduce postoperative wound infections and many other complications.specially for Sanders II or III with severe soft tissue injury in the open or closed calcaneal fractures.Master of surgical indications and operating poims can attain satisfactory clinical efficacy.

Evaluation of the permeability mainly focuses on intestinal absorption in biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS). It is more complicated that the absorption and metabolism under multicomponent environment in biopharmaceutics classification system of Chinese materia medica (CMMBCS) compared with single component environment, which needs suitable mathematical models to be described. Therefore, with full consideration of existing single component mathematical algorithm combining with the characteristics of intestinal absorption and metabolism, we explored and designed a new mathematical algorithm of intestinal absorption and metabolism of multicomponent drug. Then we put forward a new coefficient, P (influence), the relative change rate of the single component's intestinal absorption and metabolism under multicomponent environment compared with single component environment, which described the influences of intestinal absorption and metabolism of the component under multicomponent environment. Moreover, P (influence) highlights the distinctive characteristics of multicomponent drug's intestinal absorption and metabolism, and lays the foundation for the construction of CMMBCS.
Algorithms ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; pharmacokinetics ; Humans ; Intestinal Absorption ; Intestines ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Models, Theoretical ; Solubility

Zingiber officinale has a long application history in China, it is used as medicine, also condiment, food and drinks. The chemical constituents of Zingiber officinale include volatile oil, gingerol, diaryl-heptnaoids and so on. Scientific research showed that Zingiber officinale is widely used in anti-nausea, resisting gastric ulcer, anti-bacterial, anti-phlogistic, analgesia, antioxidant, resisting motion sickness, anti-tumor, hypoglycemic, antilipidemic, and improving cardiocerebral vascular system and so on. Zingiber officinale is recommended as a healthy food by doctor of traditional Chinese medicine in all times. In summary, it's worth to be researched and developed in detail.

A new eremophilane derivative, (3aR,4R,5S,7S,7aS)-2-acetyl-7,7a-dihydroxy-3a,4-dimethyl-3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-3H-inden-5-yl acetate (1) and three known compounds, 10beta-hydroxy-eremophil-7 (11)-en-12,8alpha-olide(2), beta-sitosterol (3) and beta-daucosterol(4) have been isolated from Ligularia intermedia. The compounds were isolated by column chromatography on silica gel and Sephadex LH-20,and identified on the basis of spectral analyses (MS, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR).
Asteraceae ; chemistry ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Molecular Structure ; Naphthalenes ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Sesquiterpenes

The abnormality of ubiquitin proteasome pathway is an important factor leading to the imbalance of protein homeostasis. In this process, the deubiquitinase responsible for removing the ubiquitin chain of protein substrate is very important. Its abnormal activity or expression can cause the functional changes of key oncogenic/tumor suppressor proteins, which directly or indirectly lead to the occurrence, development and malignant evolution of tumors. Based on this, the discovery and research of small molecule inhibitors targeting deubiquitinases have become a hot field of anti-tumor candidate drugs. This review will focus on the regulatory effect and mechanism of ubiquitin proteasome pathway, especially deubiquitinase on tumor, introduce the application of deubiquitinase small molecule inhibitors in tumor treatment, and discuss the research status and latest progress of small molecule inhibitors, so as to provide ideas for the research of new anti-tumor strategies based on deubiquitinase.

In order to study the spectral reflectance differences of Glycyrrhizae Radix under different growth conditions and lay the foundation for quantitative monitoring of Glycyrrhizae Radix remote sensing images, spectra of Glycyrrhiza species under different growth period and different varieties and different regions were measured by a portable spectrometer. The results showed that the reflectivity of annual G. uralensis was obviously higher than that of the two years plant in the visible light band own to the contents of crown layer chlorophyll. The reflectivity of two years G. pallidiflora was higher than that of G. uralensis in the near infrared band own to the leaf area index and the content of leaf water. The red edge spectrum of annual plant fluctuated largely than that of two years plant due to vegetation coverage and leaf area index. G. pallidiflora grew well than G. uralensis. Under different regions of the Glycyrrhiza species, spectral data analysis showed that within a certain range, the average annual precipitation and average annual evaporation were the major factors to affect the differences of Glycyrrhiza species spectral data under different regions owe to the leaf water content, the higher leaf water content, the lower spectral reflectance. The principal component analysis and continuum-removed method of the spectral data under different regions found that, within a certain range, the average annual precipitation and average annual evaporation were the major factors caused by the differences of Glycyrrhiza species spectral data under the different regions, Glycyrrhiza species spectral similarity related to the spatial distance.
Geography ; Glycyrrhiza ; chemistry ; Principal Component Analysis ; Spectrum Analysis

Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases ; antagonists & inhibitors ; Carcinoma ; pathology ; Cell Cycle ; drug effects ; Cell Line ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Enzyme Inhibitors ; pharmacology ; Female ; Flavonoids ; pharmacology ; Gene Expression Regulation ; drug effects ; Humans ; Ovarian Neoplasms ; pathology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos ; genetics ; metabolism