Genetic Engineering ; Humans ; Rabies ; virology ; Rabies virus ; genetics ; pathogenicity ; Viral Proteins ; genetics ; Virulence

Multilevel models are applicable to both the quantitative data and categorical variables. We used the methods, including the multilevel models, analysis of covariance and CMH chi-square test, to analyse different types of data, to explore the application of multilevel models in the analysis of the multicenter clinical trial center effect. The results showed that the analysis of covariance is more sensitive to find the center effect for quantitative data, while multilevel models are more sensitive to categorical variables. It can be seen that results with different analytical methods for center effect are not the same, and the most appropriate method should be selected in accordance with the characteristics of data, the objective of research, and the applicable conditions of the various methods in practical use.
Clinical Trials as Topic ; Humans ; Models, Theoretical ; Research Design

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; China ; epidemiology ; Chronic Disease ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Population Surveillance ; Risk Factors ; Young Adult

Objective To examine the role of p38MAPK in high glucose-induced apoptosis of osteoblast MC3T3-E1 cell line, and to investigate its effect on the expressions of apoptosis-related molecules including caspase3, bax, and bcl-2. Methods The lentiviral vector containing short hairpin RNA targeting p38MAPK was constructed. The cultured osteoblast MC3T3-E1 cell were divided into 5 groups:normal control group(A group), high glucose group(B group), p38MAPK-shRNA transfection group(C group), signal transduction inhibitor group(D group), and transfection with negative control siRNA group(E group). RT-PCR was used to determine the p38MAPK mRNA expression levels in MC3T3-E1 cells. Flow cytometry(FCM)was employed to detect the cell apoptotic percentage. The protein levels of apoptosis-related molecules p38MAPK, p-p38MAPK, caspase-3, bax, and bcl-2 were assayed by Western blot. Ultrastructural alternation of MC3T3-E1 cell was observed under transmission electron microscopy(TEM). Results The lentiviral vector containing short hairp in RNA targeting p38MAPK was successfully constructed and transfected into MC3T3-E1 cells. RT-PCR result suggested that the siRNA targeting p38MAPK could effectively reduce the p38MAPK mRNA expression level induced by high glucose in MC3T3-E1 cell line. FCM showed siRNA significantly decreased high glucose-induced apoptosis percentage of MC3T3-E1 cells(P＜0.01). Meanwhile, we also found the siRNA significantly attenuated the proteins levels of p38MAPK, p-p38MAPK, caspase-3, and gene bax induced by high glucose in MC3T3-E1 cells, whereas the protein level of gene bcl-2 was enhanced remarkably when compared with high glucose group and negative control siRNA group(P＜0.01, P＜0.05).Conclusion The iRNA targeting p38MAPK suppressed high glucose-induced MC3T3-E1 cell apoptosis via inhibiting the activation of p38MAPK signaling pathway, thereby reducing the expressions levels of p-p38MAPK, caspase-3 and gene bax, and up-regulating the level of gene bcl-2.

Objective To investigate the effects of early nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) compared with early continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) in low birth weight preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS).Methods We performed a prospective,randomized controlled trial involving 364 low birth weight preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome within 6 hours of birth.The infants were randomly assigned to NIPPV (n=188) or NCPAP (n=176) groups.Non invasive ventilation was initiated in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).The rate of mechanical intubation (within 3 days or 7 days),the use of pulmonary surfactant (PS),the rate of complications and mortality were compared between the two groups.Mann Whitney U,t and Chi-square tests were used for statistical analysis.Results The average time of invasive mechanical ventilation in NIPPV group were lower than that in NCPAP group[2.0 (1.0-4.0) d vs 7.0 (3.0-8.5) d,U=-3.457,P=0.001].The need for intubation and mechanical ventilation by day 3 and day 7 in the NIPPV group were less than those in the NCPAP group [day 3:4.8％ (9/188) vs 10.8％ (19/176),x2=4.621,P=0.032; day 7:9.0％ (17/188) vs 16.5％ (29/176),x2=4.551,P=0.033].In the NIPPV group,infants who got PS therapy was less than that in the NCPAP group [3.2％ (6/188) vs 8.5％ (15/176),x2=4.752,P=0.029].There was no significant difference in the fatality rate between the NIPPV and the NCPAP group [12.8％ (24/188) vs 10.8％ (19/176),P ＞ 0.05].There were no significant difference in the incidence of air leak,intracranial hemorrhage,periventricular leukomalacia,retinopathy of prematurity,necrotizing enterocolitis,patent ductus arteriosus,and bronchopulmonary dysplasia between the NIPPV group and the NCPAP group.Conclusion Among low birth weight prcterm infants with RDS,the early use of NIPPV reduces the need for PS,intubation and invasive ventilation compared with NCPAP.

Objective To investigate the effect of APE1 on differentiation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells into osteoclast-like cells(OCL) which induced by macrophage colony stimulating factor (RANKL) and macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) .Methods Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected by density gradient separation ;Constructed APE1 siRNA expression vector Ad5v-APE1 siRNA was used to transfect PBMCs .Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) method was conducted to identify the cells ,the expression level of APE1 was detected by Western blot ,the mRNA expression levels of Cathepsin K(CK) and V-ATPase were detected by RT-PCR .Results PBMCs transfected with APE1 siRNA had significantly lower protein expression of APE1 than untransfected cells (P< 0 .05) ;PBMCs could differentiate into OCL under the stimulation of RANKL and M-CSF ,the mRNA expression levels of CK and V-ATPase increased ;After APE1 siRNA treatment ,the number of OCL was reduced and the levels of CK and V-ATPase mRNA decreased .Conclusion PBMCs can differentiate into a large number of OCL induced by RANKL and M-CSF ,APE1 siRNA significantly inhibited differentiation of PBMCs into osteoclast-like cells , APE1 may be involved in the regulation of osteoclast-like differentiation process .

Objective To evaluate the long term clinical effect of porcelain laminate veneer esthetic restoration for fluorosis teeth. Methods One hundred and thirty-two fluorosis teeth of 11 patients were restored with porcelain laminate veneer for esthetic purpose and the clinical effects were evaluated with modified Rygescriteria at 1.0 week, 0.5-year, 1.0-year, 1.5-year, and 2.0-year recalled time. Results After 2.0 years application, none of the veneers debonded, "A" degree rate of marginal adaptation was more than 85%, "A" degree rate of cavosurface marginal discoloration was more than 90%, "A" degree rate of secondary caries was more than 99%, "A" degree rate of post-operative sensitivity was more than 75%, and "A" degree rate of color match was more than 70%, "B" degree rate of color match was 100%. Conclusions The research indicates that the porcelain laminate veneer is a good esthetic restoration method for fluorosis teeth and the long term clinical effect is stable.

Objective To evaluate the relationship between 1H-MRS features of brain glioma and its pathological grade and invasiveness, and the correlation between those features and the expression of VEGF, MMP-9 and uPA.Methods The brain gliomas in 55 patients confirmed by pathology were divided into two groups: high grade and low one.An analysis of intragroup and intergroup differences in some metabolite ratios of 1H-MRS in the tumor parenchyma was conducted.The expression of MMP-9,VEGF and uPA in brain glioma was detected,and the correlation between the above three parameters and changes in metabolite ratios of 1H-MRS were explored.Results There was significant difference and correlation in Cho/Cr and Cho/NAA ratio in the tumor parenchyma between high and low grade(P<0.01).The expression of VEGF and MMP-9 in tumor was significantly different(P<0.01) but with significant correlation(P<0.01),and there was no significant difference and correlation in NAA/Cr ratio and uPA expression(P>0.05).Conclusion VEGF and MMP-9 play an important role in the development of brain glioma.Cho/Cr and Cho/NAA ratios provide an important reference for preoperative grading of brain gliomas and indirectly reflect the expression of VEGF and MMP-9.

Objective To investigate the role of ?7nAChR in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease(AD)through exploring the relationship between ?7nAChR and A?_(1-42) in AD brains.Methods The accumulation of ?7nAChR and the possible relationship between ?7nAChR and A?_(1-42) were observed in 3 clinically and pathologically confirmed AD brains by immunohistochemistry. 3 normal brains were set as controls.Results Respective staining of anti-?7nAChR and anti-A?_(1-42) showed that the abnormal accumulation of ?7nAChR existed in AD brains. The main location was at hippocampus and temporal cortex which was just in accordance with senile plaque consisted mainly of A?_(1-42). The major part of ?7nAChR was located extra-cellular and within senile plaque from the view of morphology. No accumulation of ?7nAChR existed in normal brains. Co-staining of anti-?7nAChR and anti-A?_(1-42) further showed that ?7nAChR and A?_(1-42) could accumulate together in senile plaque of AD brain. The average rate of positive co-staining in hippocampus, temporal lobe and frontal lobe is 57.8%, 51.0% and 21.8% respectively. The accumulation of ?7nAChR in hippocampus and temporal lobe seems much than that in the frontal lobe. Conclusion ?7nAChR may combine with A?_(1-42) in AD brains. It is suggested that the combination should destroy the ?7nAChR receptor, block the receptor or mediate the injury of cholinergic neurons with the result of recognition and memory impairment and that ?7nAChR might play an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.

The object of this study is to preparate the berberine hydrochloride (BBH) resin compound with taste masking effect. We took the BBH as the model drug and Amberlite IRP69 as the drug carriers, uncovered the curve of solubility of BBH in different cosolvent with a certain range of temperature, and then used it to calculate the parameters during the preparation of the complex such as adding quantity of BBH and the reaction temperature. Afterwards, the characteristic and in vitro release experiments were studied to verify the formation and predict the in vivo release behavior of the complex. The results showed that in the condition of using 60% ethanol as a cosolvent and stirring at 50 ℃ for 1 h, the drug loading and drug availability of the complex are at about 35% and 64%, respectively, and has a better taste-masking effect. In this study, a method was provided for preparing a taste-masking preparation of BBH.