Objective To study the urea rebound after hemodialysis in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients and its impact factors. Methods From 124 stable MHD patients, blood samples were collected at the beginning, immediate post-hemodialysis, 15 minutes and 30 minutes after hemodialysis. The urea rebound was quantified, and its effect on URR and spKt/V was investigated. The impact factors on urea rebound were analyzed. Results In this group of patients, average post-hemodialytic urea rebound was 13.6%, leading to over-estimation of URR and spKt/V of 0.04 and 0.14, respectively. Hemodialysis efficiency expressed as K/V determined urea rebound most significantly. Other impact factors included higher hemoglobin, higher relative ultrafiltration, arteriovenous access, and male patients. Conclusions Urea rebound is common after the hemodialysis. For specific patients and hemodialysis sessions, ignoring it would result in significant over-estimation of delivered hemodialysis dose.

To study the effect of plant-derived smoke water on the accumulation of biomass and active substance of Salvia miltiorrhiza f. alba, seedlings of S. miltiorrhiza were treated with different concentrations of smoke water (1:500, 1: 1 000, 1: 2 000). The fresh weight and dry weight of underground part, the number of split-root, maximum root diameter, average root diameter, average root length, the content of lipophilic components and water-soluble components were measured. Results showed that fresh weight and dry weight of underground part were respectively improved by 98.01%, 44.32% and 85.71%, 28.57% with significant difference by smoke water treatment with concentration of 1: 500 and 1: 1 000. Maximum root diameter and dry weight of underground part were respectively enhanced by 58.44% and 85.71% by smoke water with concentration of 1:500. The content of tanshinone I and tanshinone II(A) were improved by smoke water treatment, however there were no significantly difference on the content of cryptotanshinone and dihydrotan shinone. This study indicates that smoke water treatment could be used to improve the accumulation of biomass and active substance content of S. miltiorrhiza f. alba, which could provide new ideas for its green cultivating.
Agriculture ; methods ; Biomass ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; metabolism ; Salvia miltiorrhiza ; chemistry ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Smoke ; analysis ; Water ; chemistry ; metabolism

To investigate the chemical compounds from aerial part of Rehmannia glutinosa, six compounds were isolated and deter- mined by extensive spectroscopic analysis as(+)-(7S, 8S, 8'S)-9-O-[β-D-glucopyranoyl] asarininone(1), 2α,3β,19α,23-tetrahydroxy-olean-12-en-28-oic acid(2),7,3'-dihydroxyl-5'-methoxyisoflavone (3), aeginetic acid (4), corchorifattty acid B (5), pinellic acid (6). Among them, compound 1 was a new natural product. Compounds 2, 3 and 5 were obtained from the Rehmannia genus for the first time. In vitro study showed that none of the six compounds exhibited obvious activities to BEL-7402 and HCT-8 at the concentration of 10 mg x L(-1).
Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Molecular Structure ; Plant Components, Aerial ; chemistry ; Rehmannia ; chemistry ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization ; Triterpenes ; chemistry ; pharmacology

Hyaluronan acid sodium gels are used in ophthalmic surgery, orthopedic treatment and cosmetic surgery. In 2009,there were 12 domestic manufacturers in China producing 33 kinds of products. 23 kinds of imported products were allowed by SFDA to sale in the meantime. Since manufacturers use different production processes, product performances are quite different. According to the GB/T 16886. 1-2001, we designed a pilot program to evaluate the sodium hyaluronate gel products comprehensively in this paper. The results showed that, except chromosome aberration test of gel A and subchronic systemic toxicity of gel C appeared positive, the remaining samples of the test results were negative. This article provides a reference to write standard of cross-linked hyaluronic sodium gel and the revision of standard YY0308-2004.
Animals ; Biocompatible Materials ; standards ; Cross-Linking Reagents ; chemistry ; Gels ; Hyaluronic Acid ; standards ; Mice ; Pilot Projects ; Quality Control ; Rabbits ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Toxicity Tests ; methods

Trichosanthes kirilowii has been widely cultivated as its medicinal use, health care and food value. Drought resistance of seedlings is an important feature in breeding. Seeds of two T. kirilowii strains were used to research the difference of surface ultrastructure characteristic and drought resistance. Scanning electron microscope was used to identify the surface ultrastructure characteristic of seeds and PEG was used to simulate drought stress. The seeds germination rate, MDA content, chlorophyll content and the antioxidant enzymes activity were measured under the drought stress. The results showed that the seed surface colour of KXY-001 was lighter than that of KXY-005. The testa cobwebbing of KXY-001 was more intensive than that of KXY-005. The germination rate of KXY-001 was higher than that of KXY-005 under drought stress. The MDA content was increased and the chlorophyll content was decreased with the increasing of drought degree. The SOD activity of KXY-001 was higher than that of KXY-005, while the activity of POD and CAT was also increased firstly and decreased later. Surface reticulate of seeds and hilar traits can be used as identification points to identify the investigated strains. SOD and POD are activated to resist drought in T. kirilowii seedlings and the drought resistance of KXY-001 is superior than that of KXY-005.
Adaptation, Physiological ; drug effects ; Catalase ; metabolism ; Chlorophyll ; metabolism ; Droughts ; Germination ; Malondialdehyde ; metabolism ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Peroxidase ; metabolism ; Polyethylene Glycols ; pharmacology ; Seedlings ; metabolism ; Seeds ; growth & development ; metabolism ; ultrastructure ; Species Specificity ; Superoxide Dismutase ; metabolism ; Trichosanthes ; classification ; growth & development ; metabolism

Bus drivers, as an important occupational group in urban public transportation system, are prone to suffer from work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) due to prolonged fixed postures and repetitive movements. The T/WSJD 14.9-2024 Ergonomic Guidelines for the Prevention of Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders: Part 9: Bus Driving Work is a recommended standard developed to prevent WMSDs among bus drivers. This standard, guided by the principles of T/WSJD 14.1-2020 Ergonomic Principle for the Prevention of Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders: Part 1: General Principles, is based on a preliminary work of comprehensive review of domestic and international research, workplace on-site surveys and questionnaires, data analysis, and factor identification. It defines the scope of application, identifies relevant risk factors and potential affected body parts, and offers ergonomic solutions in the form of intervention examples. The issuance of this guideline as a organization standard will facilitate the promotion and implementation of intervention measures.

Objective To assess the changes in iodine status and dietary iodine intake among Shanghai residents since common salt was iodized 20 years ago.Methods As-CE Catalysis spectrophotometry was used to determinate the urine iodine level in school-age children,pregnant women,wet nurse and adults of Shanghai between 1995 and 2015.B ultrasonic was used to determinate the thyroid volume of school-age children.And then the goiter rate was calculated.Direct titration or arbitration methods were applied to detect the household salt iodine level quantitatively.The survey was conducted by using 3 days 24-hour dietary questionnaire and condiment weighing methods to analyze the level of iodine intake and sources for the cases of all iodized salt consumption and all consumption of non-iodized salt.Results The median urine iodine concentration (UIC) of school age children was 72.3 μg/L in 1995,rose to 214-231 μg/L from 1997-1999,and then became stable between 100 μg/L and 200 μg/L since 2002.The goiter rate was below 5% among children aged 8-10 from 1995-2015 in Shanghai.The median urine iodine of pregnant women was between 126.5 μg/L and 139.8 μg/L.The median UIC of other populations were all between 100 μg/L and 200 μg/L: with adults,lactating women,infants and young children and women of childbearing age,the median urinary iodine was 138.4,123.1-131.1,150.1 and 125.6 μg/L.The qualified iodized salt at household consumption rate was 90% from 2001 to 2009,the percentage declined year by year from 2010.In the cases of all taking iodine salt,the median iodine intake volume for male aged 7-10,11-13,14-18 and over 18 was 200.3,235.5,252.7 and 215.4 μg/L;women aged 7-10,11-13,14-18 and over 18 was 193.0,213.8,208.3 and 186.1 μg/L.The contribution rate of iodine salt in the diet were 51.6%-54.1% and 49.1%-53% in men and women.Kelp,seaweed and fish and shrimp on the contribution of iodine are 7.6%-16.6% and 4.5%-7.4%.Conclusion In the past about 20 years,iodine nutritional status of residents in Shanghai has stabilized totally in a appropriate and safe level.However,the iodine nutrition of pregnant women was insufficient.As iodized salt is the major source of dietary iodine in coastal areas,it is still necessary to continue the policy of universal salt iodized in Shanghai to ensure residents'' needs for iodine and control the risk of iodine deficiency.

Objective To analyze the monosaccharide composition and the relative content of different alcohol precipitations of Panax japonicus polysaccharides.Methods The four components of Panax japonicus polysaccharides were isolated by stepwise ethanol precipitation method.The four components of Panax japonicus polysaccharides were hydrolyzed with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and derivated by l-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolo (PMP),respectively.The monosaccharide composition and relative content were analyzed using LC-FT-ICR-MS and HPLC-UV method.Results The four components of Panax japonicus polysaccharides consisted of glucose,rhamnose,galacturonic acid,galactose,arabinose,and glucose was the main monosaccharide.With the increase of ethanol concentration,the relative content of Ara increased gradually,as while the GalA decreased.Conclusions Precolumn derivation HPLC method was successfully applied for the determination of the monosaccharides in Panax japonicus polysaccharides,and there were differences in the four ethanol precipitations of Panax japonicus polysaccharides.The study can provide a basis for the separation of Panax japonicus polysaccharides.

To establish the Chang liver cell line stably overexpressing human uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) and observe the effect of UCP2 on mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The Chang liver cell line was transfected with recombinant plasmid containing full-length human UCP2 cDNA (pcDNA3.1-hUCP2) or pcDNA3.1 empty vector. The stable cell line was established by antibiotic screening with Zeocin. UCP2 expression was detected by Western blotting and immunocytochemistry. The UCP2 overexpressing cells were pretreated with genipin at various doses (25, 50 and 100 munol/L). MMP and intracellular ROS were detected by fluorescence spectrophotometry. The total normalized protein content in UCP2 overexpressing cells was 1.6-fold higher than that in unmanipulated normal cells. The fluorescence intensities of Rhodamine123 and DCFH-DA in UCP2 overexpressing Chang liver cells (11.11+/-2.76 and 4.97+/-0.62, respectively) were significantly lower than those in unmanipulated normal cells (15.56+/-2.55, P less than 0.01 and 6.14+/-1.25, P less than 0.05, respectively) and in cells transfected with empty vector (16.11+/-2.93, P less than 0.01 and 6.23+/-1.13, P less than 0.05, respectively). Treatment of UCP2 overexpressing cells with 25, 50 and 100 munol/L genipin caused a dose-dependent increase in fluorescence intensities of Rhodamine123 (14.89+/-2.89, 17.89+/-2.93 and 24.00+/-2.55, respectively, all P less than 0.01) and DCFH-DA (9.16+/-0.78, 10.84+/-1.09 and 11.83+/-1.25, respectively, all P less than 0.01). The Chang liver cell line stably overexpressing UCP2 was established successfully. Using this cell system, UCP2 was found to play a role in mitochondrial function by regulating MMP and ROS.
Cell Line ; Hepatocytes ; metabolism ; Humans ; Ion Channels ; biosynthesis ; Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial ; Mitochondrial Proteins ; biosynthesis ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; metabolism ; Uncoupling Protein 2

OBJECTIVETo study the relationship between 500 kinds of commonly used Chinese herbal medicine and the classification of their efficacies in Chinese Materia Medica in relation to the common diseases listed in Internal Medicine.

METHODSDatabase retrieval frequency of the quantitative statistical method was adopted. First, the 8 980 kinds of Chinese herbal medicine recorded in Chinese Materia Medica were used as the original search objects, and 4 493 kinds which were cited in more than five articles were picked out and then rechecked for further title citations. Second, as judged based on the Criterion, the numbers of articles which included the medicines in the line of standards were examined. As a result, 500 species of Chinese herbal medicine were singled out based on their retrieval frequency and were then used for compilation of the classification statistics according to their efficacy and the common diseases in Internal Medicine.

RESULTSFrom the classification of Chinese medicines, herbs with wide efficiency and a meek nature had higher frequencies, but those which were not appropriate as decoctions had relatively lower frequencies. However, according to the average frequency, the Chinese herbal medicine for nourishing qi and tonifying blood, at 36,346 times and 34,544 times, respectively, were the most commonly used. Analyzed from the frequency of application of the Chinese medicine in the treatment of common diseases, most of the top 10 kinds of Chinese herbal medicine with the highest frequencies generally coincided with the 500 selected medicines. In addition, the Chinese medicines with clear pharmacological efficiency were easily isolated and purified to be made into injections, although other forms are more commonly used.

CONCLUSIONThe results of the research objectively reflected the current applications of Chinese herbal medicine, and could be used as references in teaching, research, clinical applications, and in compiling and increasing the drugs in textbooks and Pharmacopoeia.