[Summary] Bile acid is a main component of bile ,which plays a key role in keeping cholesterol metabolism balance in vivo and promoting lipids digestion in intestine. Recently ,more and more researches focus on bile acid for its regulating effect on glucose ,lipid and energy metabolism as a signal molecule. The reabsorbed bile acid stimulates the secretion of fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) and glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1) in the intestine by activating a nuclear receptor farnesoid X-activated receptor (FXR) and a membrane receptor TGR5. FGF19 and GLP-1 regulate hepatic glucose metabolism through different pathways. Here ,we briefly summarize the research progress and relationship between bile acid induced gut hormones and hepatic glucose metabolism.

The origin and development of umbilical therapy in traditional Chinese medicine is explored from related literature in the history. As a result, the Shang period is regarded as initial period of umbilical therapy, while periods from Han Dynasty, Jin Dynasty and Southern-Northern Dynasties to Sui Dynasty and Tang Dynasty could be taken as stage of primary development. Time from Song Dynasty, Jin Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty to Ming and Qing Dynasties is believed as mature stage. Also the manipulation, application principle, indications and contraindications of umbilical therapy are explained. A brief overview of modern development of umbilical therapy is also described.
China ; History, 15th Century ; History, 16th Century ; History, 17th Century ; History, 18th Century ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, Ancient ; History, Medieval ; Humans ; Medicine in Literature ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; history ; methods ; Umbilicus ; physiology

Objective To study the relationship between smoking and the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis(TB) in Chinese people.Methods The Pubmed database and three Chinese databases such as Wanfang Data,Veipu data(VIP) and China national knowledge infrastructure database (CNKI) were retrieved.The literatures on the relationship between smoking and pulmonary TB incidence in Chinese people published before April 2016 were analyzed.Results Fifteen studies were included,after excluding 1 low quality study,the rest had no statistical heterogeneity.The merged odd ratio (OR) was 1.71,95 ％ confidence interval (CI) 1.51-1.90.Two studies observed the relationship between the amount of cigarettes and TB pathogenesis,but there was heterogeneity and could not be further merged the OR value for conducting analysis.No subgroup analysis of gender was performed in all studies.Conclusion The risk suffering from pulmonary TB in Chinese smokers is 1.71 fold of non-smokers,and smoking increases the risk of pulmonary TB onset.

Objective:To prepare and optimize sorafenib-Eudragit RS nanoparticles( S-E üPs)and investigate the physicochemi-cal properties. Methods:S-E üPs were prepared by a solvent-nonsolvent method. Single factor experiments were used to research the effect of solvent,stabilizer type,carrier ratio and the proportions of water phase and organic phase on the physicochemical properties of S-E üPs. S-E üPs were evaluated by the particle size,zeta potential and morphology,and the in vitro drug release of S-E üPs was studied using dialysis technology. Results:The mean size was(86. 72 ± 3. 71)nm,the PDI and zeta potential was(0. 20 ± 0. 032)and (36. 6 ± 0. 3)mV,respectively,S-E üPs showed spherical shape with uniform distribution. The drug release in vitro was accorded with a Weibull equation. Conclusion:The solvent-nonsolvent method is appropriate for the preparation of S-E üPs. The nanoparticles have small particle size,uniform distribution,regular morphology and significant sustained-release property.

Adenoma ; Adult ; Ear Neoplasms ; Ear, Middle ; pathology ; Humans ; Male

Objective To test thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) suppress GLUT4 expression and translocation by stimulating TNF-α secretion in 3T3-L1 adipocytes via a cAMP-PKA pathway.Methods 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were induced to differentiate into adipocytes.The adipocytes were treated with bovine TSH,Forskolin,H89 and Rapamycin,respectively.The concentration of TNF-α in the cell culture medium was measured by ELISA.The level of GLUT4 mRNA in adipocytes was assessed by real time polymerase chain reaction.Protein levels of GLUT4 in total cell lysates and plasma membrane lysates were quantified by Western blotting.Results Incubating 3T3-L1 adipocytes with TSH markedly increased the concentration of TNF-α in medium in a time-and dosedependent manner (P ＜ 0.05); meanwhile,the levels of GLUT4 mRNA and total and plasma membrane GLUT4 protein were decreased in a dose-dependent manner (P＜0.05 or ＜0.01).H89 and rapamycin could block the above effects respectively (326.7±43.2 vs.341.9±12.0,P＞0.05).However,there was no statistical difference in the TNF-α levels between stimulation with 1 μmmol/L forskolin versus 0.04 μmmol/L bovine TSH (481.9± 28.4 vs.522.7± 36.2,P＞0.05).Conclusions TSH can down-regulate GLUT4 expression and translocation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by stimulating TNF-α secretion through a cAMP-PKA pathway.

Background:Eosinophilic gastroenteritis is the most common gastrointestinal allergic disease,however,allergy also accounts for some gastrointestinal functional disorders. The correlation between allergic factor and intestinal polyp is not clarified. Aims:To investigate the correlation of allergic factor with intestinal polyp and irritable bowel syndrome(IBS). Methods:Ninety-five inpatients including 60 cases of intestinal polyp and 35 cases of IBS admitted from May 2012 to April 2014 were recruited;95 healthy volunteers were served as controls. Serum samples were collected to test specific IgE antibodies derived from 20 common inhalant and alimentary allergens by EUROIMMUN blotting test. Results:The positivity rates of allergen specific serum IgE antibodies in intestinal polyp group,IBS group and both two groups were 56. 67% ,74. 29% and 63. 16% ,respectively,all were significantly higher than that in control group(6. 32% ,P all <0. 05),but no statistically significant difference was seen between intestinal polyp group and IBS group(P > 0. 05). In all the 20 allergens tested,the positivity rates of Dermatophagoides,roach,crab,sea fish,freshwater fish,shrimp,and egg albumin specific serum IgE antibodies were significantly higher in patients group than in control group( P < 0. 05), especially the crab,see fish and Dermatophagoides specific IgE antibodies. Conclusions:Allergic factor might have some association with intestinal polyp and IBS.

Background Tumstatin is the most active endogenous angiogenesis inhibitor,which has a marked inhibitory effect on pathological neovascularization,and Tum5 is an angiogenesis inhibitors fragment of fulllength tumstatin.Objective This study was to investigate the effects of adenovirus-mediated overexpression of recombinant Tum5 gene on the proliferation,migration and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in physiological status.Methods The empty adenoviral vector expressing green fluorescent protein (rAd-GFP) and the viral vector expressing recombinant Tum5 gene were constructed.The HUVECs cultured in RPMI1640 medium were divided into normal control group,empty vector group (rAd-GFP group) and Tum5 gene infection group (rAd-GFP-Tum5 group).The rAd-GFP and rAd-GFP-Tum5 adenoviral particles at the density of 1 × 1010/ml were added into the medium to infect the cells for 48 hours.The proliferation of the cells was assayed at 24,48 and 72 hours by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) to evaluate the proliferative rate;the migration number of the cells was detected at 48 hours after infection by Transwell chamber;the tube formation number of the cells were detected by Matrigel method.The concentration of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in cell supernatants was assayed by ELISA at 24,48,and 72 hours following adenoviral infection.Results The cultured cells showed green fluorescence in the rAd-GFP group and rAd-GFP-Tum5 group under the inverted fluorescence microscope,and the infection efficiency of rAd-GFP and rAd-GFP-Tum5 was 55.13％ and 50.31％,respectively.No significant difference was found in cell proliferative rate among normal control group,rAd-GFP group and rAd-GFP-Tum5 group both at 24 and 48 hours after infection (both at P＞0.05),and the cell proliferative rate was significantly lower in the rAd-GFP-Tum5 group than that in the normal control group and rAd-GFP group at 72 hours after infection (both at P＜0.01).The migration number of the cells at 48 hours after infection was 2 260.25-±930.44,2 370.00±441.06 and 723.75± 363.80 in the normal control group,rAd-GFP group and rAd-GFP-Tum5 group,showing a significant difference among the groups (F =8.524,P =0.008),and the migrated cells were evidently decreased in the rAd-GFP-Tum5 group compared with the rAd-GFP group and the normal control group (both at P＜ 0.01).The tube number at 48 hours after infection was 95.67±5.86,88.00±4.58 and 20.67±3.51 in the normal control group,rAd-GFP group and rAdGFP-Tum5 group,showing a significant difference among the groups (F=226.498,P＜0.01),and the tube number in the rAd-GFP-Tum5 group was significantly reduced in comparison with the normal control group and rAd-GFP group (both at P＜ 0.01).The considerably differences in VEGF concentration in the cell supernatants were found in different groups and various time points (Fgroup =73.260,P＜0.01;Ftime =73.477,P＜0.01),and VEGF concentration in the cell supernatants was significantly decreased in the rAd-GFP-Tum5 group compared with the rAd-GFP group at both 48 hours and 72 hours (both at P＜0.01).Conclusions The overexpression of the recombinant Tum5 can inhibit the proliferation,migration and tube formation of the HUVECs in physiological status,which may be associated with Tum-5-mediated down-regulation of VEGF protein in the cell supernatant.

Objective To analyze the problems of doctor of medicine in China,and to explore the efforts to improvethe training quality of doctor of medicine.Methods The paper selected 5medical colleges which participated the thematic evaluation of doctor of medicinedegreeauthorization centers in 2014,then analyzed the relevant data of doctor of medicine during 2011-2015,such as education condition,enrollment scale,training objective,curriculum setting,scientific research trainingand clinical practice by descriptive study.Results The average of affiliated hospitals is 6.0.The number of medical doctor entrance exam increased by 1.5 times during 2011-2015.The training institutions set up clear training objective of applied talents.A three-stage cultivation mode of course learning,clinical practice and scientific research training is widespread enforcement.However,the subject and basiccondition varies in different schools.The teachers’ professional level is uneven.The quality of candidates needsto be improved.Curriculum design is lack of pertinence.Standardization of clinical practice andscientiFlc training system is not enoughat the same time.Conclusions The suggestions to promote the reform of full-time doctor of medicineare:improving the subject building;increasethe number of students enrollment appropriately;strengthening pertinence of curriculum system;perfecting quality evaluating system;exploring the training mode called “5 + 3 + X”.