Objective The modified Blalock-Taussig shunt (MBTS) is considered a low-risk management option for palliation in patients with severely cyanotic heart anomalies in advanced heart centers in western countries.But the morbidity and mortality associated with MBTS remains challenge in developing countries.Methods 106 patients with severely cyanotic complex heart anomalies underwent 110 modified Blalock-Taussig shunts(B-T shunts) between October 2000 and August 2012.The mean age was (3.8 ± 1.1) months (1 day-37.2 months).The mean weight of the babies was (5.0 ± 2.1) kg (2.3 kg-12.0 k g).The cardiac anatomy was as follows:pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum in 25,pulmonary atresia with ventricular septum defects in 45,tricuspid atresia in 11,tetralogy of Fallot in 7,complex single ventricle physiology in 18.All patients were deeply cyanotic,and preoperative prostaglandin E1 was needed in 78 patients to ensure ductus patent and maintain oxygen saturations prior to the shunt operation.The shunts were accomplished with 3.0 mm polytetrafluoroethylene grafts in 8 patients,3.5 mm in 11,4 mm in 65,5mm in 26.Results The duration of mechanical ventilation was 4 hours-7 days,cardiac intensive care unit stay was 1-12 days,hospital stay after operation was 1-18 days.There were 3 deaths (2.6％),immediate post-operative shunt block in 1,severe hypoxidosis in 1 and heart failure in 1.Oxygen saturation increased from 68.5％ preoperatively to 79.2％ postoperatively.Four patients had shunt block,additional shunt was created respectively.There was 2 late death.Follow-up of 94 patients revealed satisfactory systemic oxygen saturation of 0.81 ± 0.10 (0.63-0.92).86 cases received further operations,including 7 in TOF radical operation,31 in Rastelli,25 in Glenn,18 in Fontan.Conclusion With an encouraging early shunt patent rate and oxygen saturation increasing,we can now adopt MBTS as an alternative in patients with severely cyanotic heart anomalies.Modified B-T shunt is a good palliation for patients with cyanoti cheart anomalies,which can increase pulmonary blood flow.Excellent surgical skills and perioperative treatment contribute to good operation results,and to low morbidity and low mortality.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the clinical distribution and antibiotics resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa nosocomial infection after open-heart operation.METHODS The clinical data of 393 patients with nosocomial infection from Jan 2004 to Dec 2007 were analyzed retrospectively.RESULTS There were 57 infected cases caused by P.aeruginosa,and accounted for 14.5% of all infections during period.All infected patients had serious original heart diseases,and received broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy previously.Forty-two patients developed postoperative cardiorespiratory function failure,and 28 patients needed circulatory support.Thirty-six patients prolonged mechanical ventilation time for over 1 week.Results of susceptibility test showed that ciprofloxacin,levofloxacin and piperacillin/tazobactam were the most active antibiotics,followed by tobramycin,netilmicin,gentamicin,meropenem and imipenem/cilastatin.P.aeruginosa presented high resistance to ceftazidime and cefoperazone/sulbactam.CONCLUSIONS P.aeruginosa is one of the most common pathogenic bacteria after open-heart operations in our hospital and presented multidrug resistance.Rational use of antibiotics is important to reduce drug resistant strains.

Objective To evaluate the clinical value of real-time 3 dimensional echocardiography (RT-3DE) for measurement of right ventricular function in the repaired tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) compared to cine magnetic resonance imaging (c-MRI).Methods Thirty-seven randomly selected patients with repaired TOF from Jan.2000 to Jun.2007 in Children's Hospital,Fudan University underwent both RT-3DE and c-MRI for the data of right ventricular enddiastolic volume (RVEDV),right ventricular end-systolic volume (RVESV),right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF),which were compared to evaluate the reproducibility and correlation of two ways on right ventricular function.Results All the patients completed both RT-3DE and c-MRI on the same day.The correlation for RVEDV,RVESV,RVEF measured by 2 methods was high (r =0.933,0.943,0.911,P =0.000,0.000,0.105),and it showed that consistency existed in RVEF,as difference was only (1.2 ± 4.5) ％.Comparison with c-MRI,RVEDV and RVESV measured by RT-3DE was underestimated,in which difference was (-17.4 ± 16.9) mL,(-9.3 ± 10.5) mL.Conclusions RVEF with RT-3DE can be assessed with acceptable accuracy,but it is not so good for RVEDV and RVESV.Further study needs to be performed to make sure the value of RT-3DE on the assessment of right ventricular function in repaired TOF.

Objective To compare the efficacy of inhaled Iloprost and nitric oxide( NO)in infants with moderate or severe pulmonary hypertension(PH)after congenital heart disease surgery. Methods This was a prospec-tive randomized study in Children's Hospital of Fudan University from January 2011 to January 2014,including 40 in-fants who suffered from moderate to severe PH after heart surgery. Their ages ranged from 1 to 24 months. Their weight ranged from 3. 2 to 11. 0 kg. They were randomly allocated to inhale NO( NO group,n = 20)or Iloprost( Iloprost group,n = 20). Iloprost group was given Iloprost with 50 ng/(kg·min)for 10 min and then combined with NO 20 × 10 - 6 for 10 min;NO group was first given 20 × 10 - 6 of NO for 10 min,then combined with Iloprost 50 ng/(kg·min) for 10 min. Heart rate,systolic blood pressure,pulmonary artery pressure(PAP)and central venous pressure were recor-ded continuously. At the same time,the concentration of nitrogen dioxide and methemoglobin after inhaling NO was de-tected. Results Inhaled Iloprost and NO caused significant reduction in PAP(t = 4. 670,P = 0. 009;t = 3. 762,P =0. 004)and pulmonary - to - systemic pressure ratio(Pp/ Ps)(t = 16. 974,P = 0. 000;t = 9. 682,P = 0. 000)but signifi-cant increase in oxygen index separately. The combination had no additional effect compared with single application. In term of the reduction of PAP,there was no significant difference between inhaled Iloprost and NO(F = 2. 742,P =0. 129). The levels of nitrogen dioxide and methemoglobin were not above the normal limits. Conclusions Moderate to severe PH after cardiac surgery was significantly reduced by inhaled NO and Iloprost. They had similar effects. However, the combination of both vasodilators failed to prove more potent than either substance alone. Compared with the potential toxicity of NO,the individual differences and the complex transmission,Iloprost may be more reasonable and feasible for the postoperative treatment of PH.

Objective To evaluate early and mid-term results in infants,weighing less than 2 500 g,who underwent early cardiac surgery on cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).Method Since November 2003 to December 2007,28 consecutive infants of less than 2 500 g underwent early cardiac surgery on CPB in Children's Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University.Sixteen infants were male,and 12 infants were female.The mean pregnancy period was 34 weeks (30 to 41 weeks) ,and 14 patients were premature,and the mean birth weight was 2 010 g(1 370-2 500 g).Mean age at operation was 27.46 d (range 1～61 d),and mean weight was 2 391 g (range 1 500～2 500 g).Deep hypothermia circulatory arrest was used in 9.Indications for surgery were:ventricular septal defect (10 infants),transposition of great arteries (6 iofants),totally anomalous pulmonary venom return (5 infants),pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum(2 infants),coarctation of aorta (1 infants) ,interrupted aortic arch (1 infants),cortriatriatum(1 infants),abnormal original of fight pulmonary artery (1 infants).Resuits Two (7.14%) infants died after operation at early phase.Mean duration of mechanical ventilation and intensive care unit stay were 113.9 h and 14.4 d,respectively.During follow-up (mean 16.87 months),one died.Two patients needed reintervention.About 84.4% infants didn' t need reintervention at the end of 12-month followup.Conclusions If medicine is aseless,infants woth low birth weight and congenital heart defect can obtain satisfactory outcome after CPB.Perioperative proration for virtual organs should be payed attention to.

Objective To share the experience of surgical repair for cor triatriatum in chidren.Methods Between July 2008 and June 2013,24 children with cor triatriatum underwent surgical correction in Cardiac Center of Children's Hospital of Fudan University.The minimum age at the time of operation was 1 month,median age was 5 month;the minimum body weight at the time of operation was 3.5 kg,median body weight was 7.4 kg.Retrospectively analyzed their cardiac anatomy,clinical data,surgical procedures and follow-up data.Results Of all 24 patients,there were 4 patients diagnosed semplice cor triatriatum,and 20 patients diagnosed cor triatriatum associated with other malformation includes cardiac and non-cardiac issues.Procedures were performed on 22 patients to correct all cardiac defects in one stage.1 patient underwent surgical repair for cor triatriatum and Glenn procedure as well.1 patient,diagnosed as cor triatriatum and functional single ventricle S/P Glenn,underwent surgical repair for cor tiratriatum only.2 patients recovered from pulmonary artery hypertension crisis after operation.1 patient dead 17 days post procedure caused by respiratory failure.23 patients discharged from hospital.The longest follow-up was 73 months,at least 12 months after discharge.All alive patients were in New York Heart Association's function class Ⅰ-Ⅱ.Echo assessment revealed normal size of left atriums of almost all alive patients one year after discharge.Till April 2015,no postoperation intervention,no blood flow obstruction at level of pulmonary veins,left atrium or mitral valve.Conclusion Pediatric patients diagnosed cor tiratriatum sinister need intervention,no matter hemodynamic change occurs or not.Right time of surgery is important for successful treatment.

Objective Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) provides a treatment for patients with acute heart-lung failure. However, as an invasive procedure, it associated with high incidence of complications. It is important to a-vert and reduce the complications for improving the success rate in critically ill patients. We investigate the complications associated with ECMO after cardiac surgery and their management. Methods Clinical data from 117 postoperative patients[32 male, mean age (48.7 ± 16.5) years]supported with ECMO in the cardiovascular intensive care unit( ICU) from March 2005 to June 2008 were analyzed retrospectively. The cardiac operations they had undergone included coronary artery bypass grafting (n = 20), coronary artery bypass grafting and remodeling of left ventricle(n =9), coronary artery bypass grafting and valvular operation(n =5), repair of ventricular septal perforation following acute myocardial infarction(n =2), valvular operation( n = 46), heart/lung transplantation (n = 20/1), correction of congenital heart defects ( n = 10), and aortic operations ( n = 4). Venoarterial bypass was established in 110 patients by cannulation of the right atrium and femoral artery, and that of the right atrium and ascending aorta in 5 cases. Left atrial drainage to ECMO was added in 2 cases. Venovenous bypass was established in 2 patients with hypoxemia following cardiac surgery. Heparin was infused for maintaining the activated coagulation time (ACT) at 160 to 200 seconds for centrifugal pump(114 cases),and 200 to 250 seconds for roller pump(3 cases) to avoid thrombotic events until decannulation was achieved. Results The mean ECMO duration was 61 hours (range 3 to 225 hours). 48(41.0% ) patients died, 18 of them died of complications after weaning from circulatory assistant successfully. Complications occurred in 74 (63.2% ) patients included reoperation for hemostasis (n = 24), renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy (n =29), nosocomial infections ( n = 32) , ischemia in the extremities(n = 5), plasma leakage of oxygenators ( n = 29), gastroenteral hemorrhage ( n = 14), hemolysis ( n = 7 ), neurological complications ( n = 4) and centrifugal pump failure (n =1). Conclusion Bleeding is an early complication associated with ECMO support. The risk of nosocomial infection, renal failure and plasma leakage of oxygenators increases with the duration of ECMO support.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the risk factors and treatment of nosocomial pulmonary fungal infection after open heart surgery.METHODS A total of 11040 consecutive patients who underwent open heart surgery were retrospectively studied from Jan 2004 to Dec 2006.And the clinical data of 324 patients with microbiologically documented nosocomial infection were analyzed.RESULTS There were 61 infected cases caused by fungi,accounted for 18.8% of all infections during the same period.Sixteen patients died.All infected patients had serious original heart diseases,and received previously glucocorticoids and broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy.The number of senile and pediatric patients was 28.Forty three patients developed postcardiotomy cardiorespiratory and renal function failures,and circulatory assist was established in 22 patients.Thirty six patients prolonged mechanical ventilation time for over one weeks.Thirty four patients developed hyperglycosemia.Candida albicans was the predominant pathogen(39 strains,63.9%),followed by C.glabrata(15 strains,24.6%).Results of susceptibility test showed that fluconazole,itraconazole and flucytosine presented highly antimicrobial activity.CONCLUSIONS Developments of nosocomial pulmonary fungal infection is closely associated with the severity of preoperative underlying heart diseases,prolonged mechanical ventilation and longer period of broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy.

Objective The rate of post -operative complications has been increased with the changes in patients' age,prolonged duration, more severe and diffused lesions, and more patients with complications in recent years. We try to identify the risk factors associated with prolonged stay in the intensive care unit ( ICU ) after coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). Methods 1623 patients who received CABG surgery in Beijing Anzhen Hospital Between June 1, 2006 and December 31,2007 were divided into two groups based on their stay duration in the ICU. Prolonged stay in ICU was defined as 5days or more. Univariate and multivariate analysis ( logistic regression) were used to identify the risk factors. The discrimination and calibration of the result were tested after the risk factors were determined. Results Fifty one patients had prolonged ICU stay, accounting for 3.14% of total cases. Multivariate logistic analysis showed that the age of patients, peripheral vascular diseases, critical status before operation, LVEF, operative status, mitral regurgitation, postoperative respiratory failure,postoperative renal failure, secondary thoracotomy for postoperative bleeding were associated risk factors. Conclusion Prolonged ICU stay after CABG surgery can be predicted based on the above factors. For patients with these risk factors, more pre-and postoperative care strategies are needed.

Objetctive To summarize the associated complications with circulatory support device,and provide reference for chnical practice.Method A total of 8306 consecutive patients who underwent open heart surgery,in Department of Post-operation Intensive Care Unit of the Cardiac Surgery,Anzhen Hospital,Capital Medical University,was retrospectively studied from January 2005 to February 2007.And the clinical data of 246 patients including 63 female and 183 male patients with mean age 56.7±14.2 years supported with various circulatory support devices for perioperative cardiorespiratory function failure in ICU were analyzed.Left ventricular assist device (LVAD) was used in 3 patients by the cannulation of the left alritan and ascending aorta.The extracorporeal membrane oxygenation(ECMO) was established in 48 patients for postoperative cardiorespiratory function failure.The vencarterial bypass was established by cannulation of the right atrium in 41 patients and femoral artery and of venovenons in 2 patients,and of the right atrium and ascending aorta in 5 cases,lntra-aortic balloon pumping(I-ABP)was performed via the femoral artery either percutaneonsly by the Seldinger technique in 195 patients.The cardiac operations included coronary artery bypass grafting (n=170),coronary artery bypass grafting with romoldingof left ventricle (n = 22),coronary artery bypass grafting with valvular operation (n=10),valvular operation (n=27),heart transplantation(n=8),correction of congenital heart defects(n=6),aortic operations(n=2).The duration of circulatory support ranged from 4 to 451 hours.Correlative complications of 3 kinds of circulatory support device were compared and repair of ventricular septal perforation in the wake of acute myocardial infarction (n=1).Results Seventy-eight (31.7%) patients died.Seventy-one(28.9% ) patients devdoped various complications including infection(n=27),renal failure required renal rephcement therapy (n=27),re-exploration for bleeding(n=24),haemolysis(n=6),limb ischemia(n=15),neurological complications(n=6),oxygenator failure(n=7) Conchusions The improvement of management to reduce complications may result in improved outcomes of patients supported with circulatory support devices.