Since Epstein Barr virus was shown to encode microRNAs(miRNAs) in 2004, more than 470 miRNAs have been discovered in α-, β-, and γ-herpesviruses. MiRNAs are small non-coding RNA molecules and generally only have 18-25 nucleotides in length, which can regulate the expression of target genes by targeting its transcripts. Herpesvirus-encoded miRNAs not only target the key genes from latency to lytic replication, but also regulate various host cellular genes. Current data manifest that herpesvirus-encoded miRNAs can regulate viral latent infection and lytic replication, immune recognition, apoptosis, and tumorigenesis. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the targets and their fuction of hepesvirus-encoded miRNAs, in order to provide theoretical support for further analysis herpesviral pathogenesis.
Animals ; Herpesviridae ; genetics ; metabolism ; Herpesviridae Infections ; virology ; Humans ; MicroRNAs ; genetics ; metabolism ; RNA, Viral ; genetics ; metabolism

Objective To investigate the relationship of thyroid hormones and serum lipid profile during Pregnancy. Methods 30 cases of healthy pregnant women were recruited in the study. The thyrotropin (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4) and serum lipid profile were examined at 9 ~ 12, 14 ~ 17, 23 ~ 26 and 37 ~ 40 weeks of gestation and the correlations between them were analyzed. Results Positive correlation could be found between serum TSH and total cholesterol (CHOL), triglyceride (TRIG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), ApolipoproteinA-I (APOA-I), ApolipoproteinB (APOB). Negative correlations could be found between serum FT3, FT4 and total cholesterol (CHOL), triglyceride (TRIG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), ApolipoproteinA-I (APOA-I), ApolipoproteinB (APOB). And no correlation was found between serum thyroid hormones and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Conclusion The thyroid hormones were closely related to serum lipid profile except of HDL-C.

Objective:To study the metabolism of high density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) and apolipoprotein A-Ⅰ( ApoA-Ⅰ) in different thyroid function status during pregnancy. Methods:This study re-cruited thirty cases of euthyroid, with nineteen cases of subclinical hypothyroid and eight cases of subclini-cal hyperthyroid pregnancy. The concentrations of fasting serum HDL-C and ApoA-Ⅰwere detected and ana-lyzed from 9-12, 14-17, 23-26, and 37-40 gestational weeks. Friedman repeated measures ANOVA on ranks was adopted to analyze the changes of serum HDL-C and ApoA-Ⅰat different stages. General line-ar model ( GLM) was adopted to analyze the differences of serum HDL-C and ApoA-Ⅰin different thyroid function status during pregnancy. Results:There were no significant differences of maternal serum HDL-C among different stages (χ2 =5. 428,P=0. 143,χ2 =2. 027,P=0. 567,χ2 =2. 885,P=0. 410). There were significant differences of serum ApoA-Ⅰduring euthyroid and subclinical hypothyroid pregnancies (χ2 =46. 343, P<0. 001,χ2 =35. 984, P<0. 001), and no significant difference during subclinical hyperthy-roid pregnancy (χ2 =6. 750, P=0. 080). There were significant differences of serum HDL-C and ApoA-Ⅰbetween euthyroid and subclinical hyperthyroid pregnancies (P=0. 025,P=0. 027), and no significant differences between euthyroid and subclinical hypothyroid pregnancies (P=0. 378,P=0. 549). Conclu-sion:Subclinical hyperthyroidism affected the metabolism of maternal serum HDL-C and ApoA-Ⅰ, which could affect the fetal growth and development. Subclinical hypothyroidism ( after treatment with drugs) had no obvious effect on the metabolism of maternal serum HDL-C and ApoA-Ⅰ.

The dissolution rates of the cephalexin tablets made by five t actories in China were determined with rotating basket method. The dissolution constants Ki were calculated using single exponential method. The analysis of variance was carried out for Ki. The results showed that constants Ki of products from different factories were significantly different (p

A quantitative method using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography was established to simultaneously determine ten ginsenoside active ingredients including ginsenoside Rg6, F4, Rk3, Rh4, 20(S) -Rg3, 20(R) -Rg3, Rk1, Rg5, 20(S)-Rh2 and 20(R)-Rh2 in steamed notoginseng. The ten ginsenosides of steamed notoginseng with different head numbers, parts, and steaming time were determined by this method. An Acquity BEH C18 chromatographic column (2.1 mm x 100 mm, 1.7 microm) was used to perform the determination, which was maintained at 35 degrees C throughout the analysis. Mobile phase was composed of water and acetonitrile with flow rate at 0.3 mL x min(-1) under gradient elution, and detection wavelength was set to 203 nm for monitoring the separation. The results demonstrate ginsenoside Rg6, F4, Rk3, Rh4, 20 (S)-Rg3, 20 (R) -Rg3, Rk1, Rg5, 20 (S)-Rh2 and 20(R) -Rh2 have shown good linearity (R2 > or = 0.999 8) within 0.46-115, 2.06-515, 1.632408, 3.216-804, 1.392-348, 1.4-350, 0.496-248, 3.012-1 506, 0.82-205 and 0.832-208 mg x L(-1), and their average recoveries were 97.00%, 97.96%, 98.86%, 95.27%, 98.67%, 98.02%, 95.53%, 96.63%, 99.57% and 103.6%, respectively. The proposed approach was quick and accurate and portrayed excellent repeatability and determination efficiency. The quality of steamed notoginseng was effectively controlled, which served as a foundation for establishing a normalized processing technique and quality standard for ensuring the reliability and consistency of its clinical efficacy.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Ginsenosides ; analysis ; Panax notoginseng ; chemistry ; Reproducibility of Results ; Steam

Administration, Inhalation ; Ambroxol ; administration & dosage ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Pneumonia ; drug therapy ; physiopathology

Objective To study the effect of emodin on biochemical indicators of drug‐induced intrahepatic cholestasis model and the interstitial cells of cajal (ICC) in bile duct and to explore the role of ICC and emodin in intrahepatic cholestasis .Methods Fif‐teen rats were randomly divided into drug‐induced intrahepatic cholestasis group ,emodin intervention group and control group(n=5) .Rat cholestatic hepatitis model and emodin intervention model were established .RT‐PCR and immunohistochemistry were used to detect liver function ,c‐kit mRNA and protein expression levels in drug‐induced intrahepatic cholestasis group ,emodin interven‐tion group and control group .Results The degree of liver dysfunction and bilirubin level in drug‐induced intrahepatic cholestasis group were significantly higher than those in control group(P<0 .05);the above indicators in emodin intervention group were sig‐nificantly higher than those in control group but lower than those in drug‐induced intrahepatic cholestasis group(P<0 .05) .The c‐kit mRNA expression located at 548 bp was observed in control group ,emodin intervention group and drug‐induced intrahepatic cholestasis group .Relative expression level of c‐kit mRNA in drug‐induced intrahepatic cholestasis group was significantly lower than that in emodin intervention group and control group (P<0 .05) .Meanwhile ,there was no significant difference in relative ex‐pression level of c‐kit mRNA between emodin intervention group and control group (P>0 .05) .Immunohistochemistry results indi‐cated that expression of c‐kit in drug‐induced intrahepatic cholestasis group was significantly lower than those in control group and emodin intervention group(P<0 .05) .Conclusion There may be close relationship between the forming process of drug‐induced in‐trahepatic cholestasis and decrease of ICC in bile duct .The therapeutic effect of emodin on intrahepatic cholestasis may be related with the number of ICC in bile duct or the positive effect on ICC.

Objective To explore the effect and mechanism of somatostatin and proton pump inhibitor (PPI) on Iks in pancreatic acini (RPA) by testing the change of slowly-activiting voltagedependent K+ channel current (Iks).Methods Pancreatic acini was isolated and its suspension was obtained.Iks values of different groups were recorded by an EPC10 patch clamp amplifier and the difference among the groups was compared.The groups were divided as followed:washing solution treated as control group,5 μmol/L or 20 μmol/L 293B groups,5 nmol/L secretin group,5 nmol/L secretin with somatostatin at 100 nmol/L or 10 nmol/L or 1 nmol/L groups,0.3 nmol/L 8Br-cAMP group,0.3 nmol/L 8Br-cAMP with 100 nmol/L somatostatin group,1 μmol/L acetylcholine group,1μmol/L acetylcholine with 100 nmol/L somatostatin group,5 nmol/L secretin with omeprazole at 10-5 mol/L or 10-6 mol/L or 10-7 mol/L groups,1 μmol/L acetylcholine with omeprazole at 10-5 mol/L or 10-6mol/L or 10-7 mol/L groups.Groups were compared by ANOVA,P ＜ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results The resting membrane voltage of rat RPA was - (40 ± 0.8) mV,and when depolarization to +10 mV,Iks of control group was (420.0±3.2) pA.After treated with 5 μmol/L or 20 μmol/L 293B,Iks of RPA decreased to (60.4±4.2)％ and (30.2±3.1)％(F=6.87,P＜0.05) of control group.Stimulated with 5 nmol/L secretin,Iks increased to (823.0±2.2) pA,and after adding somatostatin at 100 nmol/L or 10 nmol/L or 1 nmol/L,Iks decreased to (510.0±3.2) pA,(584.0±2.8) pA and (789.0±6.9) pA respectively(F=5.67,P＜0.05),after adding omeprazole at 10-5mol/L or 10-6mol/L or 107mol/L,the peak of Iks was (806.5±3.6) pA,(814.8±3.2) pA and (816.3±2.9) pA (P＞0.05).After stimulated with 1 μmol/L acetylcholine,the peak value of Iks was (966.0± 3.2) pA,and after adding omeprazole at 10-5 mol/L or 10-6 mol/L or 107mol/L,the peak of Iks was (956.3±10.3) pA,(957.5±8.6) pA and (960.0±8.4) pA (P＞0.05).Conclusion Somatostatin can inhibit Iks opening,and there is no significant inhibition of PPI on this channel.

Objective To isolate endophytic fungi from the rare medicinal plants ephedra, detect the production of ephedrine alkaloids, and explore the optimum fermentation conditions.Methods The endophytic fungi were isolated from the herbaceous stems treated.The ephedrine alkaloids were preliminarily detected by Dragendorff's reagent.The fungi strains producing ephedrine alkaloids were screened by HPLC method with reference substance of ephedrine, pseudoephedrine and methephedrine.After the optimum carbon source and nitrogen source were determined with total ephedrine alkaloids as evaluation indicators by HPLC, the orthogonal test of L16 (45) was designed to investigate five levels of carbon source amount, nitrogen source amount, pH value, temperature, fermentation time.Results The ephedra herbaceous stems endophytic fungus-Es2 mycelium extract after fermentation contained ephedrine, pseudoephedrine and methephedrine.Es3 mycelium extract containing pseudoephedrine after fermentation.Lactose and ammonium sulfate were as the most suitable carbon source and nitrogen source of Es2 fermentation to produce ephedrine alkaloids.Es produced the highest yield of ephedra alkaloids when the carbon source 30 g/L, nitrogen source 4 g/L, pH5.0, temperature 30℃, fermented for 8 days.Conclusion The ephedrine alkaloids of industrial production could be realized by microorganism fermentation method, which has very important significance to alleviate the ephedrine market demand pressure on the environment.

[Objective]To study changes of ultrastructures and respiratory function of the spinal cord mitochondrial in experimental spinal cord injury.[Method]Forty-eight SCI models in adult SD rats were built based on modified Allen's method.Mitochondria was extracted from injuried spinal cord tissue by using modified Estabrook's method at 6h,12h and 24h after SCI.Then ultrastructural changes and respiratory function,including R3,R4,RCR,P/O were observed.[Result]Ultrastructure of mitochondria was damaged greatly.The results revealed that R3、RCR and P/O of injuried spinal cord mitochondria decreased significantly after injury compared to the normal control group(P