As a critical self-protection mechanism to maintain the cellular homeostasis and functions,autophagy plays a significant role in growth,adaptation,tumor suppression,aging,innate and acquired immunity.Recent studies have indicated that autophagy is associated with the occurrence and development of many eye diseases including corneal dystrophy,cataract,glaucoma and retinal diseases.In age-related macular degeneration (AMD),abnormal autophagy injures the function of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells,leads to the formation of lipofuscin and participates in drusen's accumulation.In retinal detachment (RD),autophagy can be both protective and harmful for photoreceptor cells.The effect and level of autophagy variation correlates with the time,strength and character of the injury.This review analyzed the relationship between autophagy and AMD or RD,and the influence of autophagy variation in these diseases.

Severe malnutrition are often found in diabetic peritoneal dialysis patient,which are caused by the gastroparesis,anorexia,infection and diatery limitation. Early dialysis, suitable nutrition supplementation, contrling hyperglycemia and providing amino acid dialysis solutions are needed to avoid the malnutrition.

Objective:To prepare nevirapine nanosuspensions ( Nev-NS) and study the pharmacokinetics in rats. Methods:Nev-NS was prepared by a high pressure homogenization technology. The particle size, PDI and Zeta potential of the nanosuspensions were used as the indices to determine the influencing factors in the preparation process. Nevirapine plasma concentration was detected by HPLC and the pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by 3P97 software. Results: The particle size, PDI and Zeta potential of Nev-NS was (456. 1 ± 72. 1) nm, 0. 441 ± 0. 072 and ( -24. 4 ± 4. 7) mV, respectively. AUC0-12 of Nev and Nev-NS was (7. 57 ± 0.52) and (11.72 ±1.83) mg·h·L-1, t1/2 was (2.45 ±0.31) and (3.16 ±0.39) h, Tmax was (1.43 ±0.38) and (1.61 ± 0. 32) h and Cmax was (1. 62 ± 0. 42) and (3. 15 ± 0. 52) mg·L-1 , respectively. Conclusion:Nev-NS can improve the pharmacoki-netic behavior of Nev in rats significantly, and obviously enhance the bioavailability when compared with nevirapine suspensions.

OBJECTIVE:To optimize the emulsifying technology of Compound kuhuang cream. METHODS: The factors influencing the stability of the cream were optimized by orthogonal experiment with the thickness of the oil layer obtained after centrifugalization and substratification of cream as index. RESULTS: The optimum condition was obtained when the ratio of oil-phase stearine∶glyceryl monostearate∶lanoline∶liguid paraffin∶white vaseline was 4∶1∶2∶2∶1,the proportion of emulsifier was 4%, the hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) was 13 and the emulsion temperature was 80℃. CONCLUSION: The optimized emulsifying technology is stable and feasible and provides theoretic basis for the industrial production of Compound kuhuang cream.

Ginseng and its effective components are famous for their influence to enhance human immunity, regulate endocrine and antioxidant action. However, the different effects of different components are not clear. In this study, Wistar rats were used to study the effects of main components of ginseng, including total ginsenoside, panaxadiol saponins, panaxtrol saponin and ginseng polysaccharide. The results showed that the effects of panaxadiol saponins and ginseng polysaccharide on improving animal immune organ weight, plasma interleukin 2 (IL-2), interleukin 6 (IL-6), plasma gamma-interferon (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were better than that of the other groups. Total ginsenoside and panaxtrol saponin can effectively increase the concentration of spleen NK cells (NKC) while panaxadiol saponins and ginseng polysaccharide can significantly increase the concentrations of rat plasma adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), corticosterone (CORT) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). As for the effect of increasing organization nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA), total ginsenoside is better than that of other groups. In brief, different components in ginseng possess different effects on enhancing immunity, regulating endocrine and resisting oxidation. Panaxadiol saponins and ginseng polysaccharide are better in enhancing immune, and total ginsenoside shows advantages in resisting oxidation and stress.
Adrenal Glands ; drug effects ; growth & development ; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ; blood ; Animals ; Brain ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Corticosterone ; blood ; Ginsenosides ; pharmacology ; Glutathione ; metabolism ; Immune System ; drug effects ; physiology ; Interferon-gamma ; blood ; Interleukin-2 ; blood ; Interleukin-6 ; blood ; Killer Cells, Natural ; drug effects ; Malondialdehyde ; metabolism ; Nitric Oxide ; metabolism ; Organ Size ; drug effects ; Panax ; chemistry ; Polysaccharides ; pharmacology ; Random Allocation ; Rats, Wistar ; Saponins ; pharmacology ; Spleen ; drug effects ; growth & development ; Superoxide Dismutase ; metabolism ; Thymus Gland ; drug effects ; growth & development ; Thyrotropin ; blood

Objective: To investigate the evolutionary relationship of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of novel influenza virus A/H1N1 in 2009 pandemic with the HA genes of A/H1N1 viruses isolated in different parts of the world previously. Methods: The sequences of the HA gene of the novel A/H1N1 strain and the reference sequences of human, swine, and avian influenza A viruses were retrieved from NCBI. MEGA 4.0 software was employed to align, blunt nucleotide sequences, and construct phylogenetic tree. The deduced amino acid sequences of the HA genes of novel influenza virus A/H1N1 were compared with those of the A/H1N1 isolates in North America, Europe, and Asia. Results: Phylogenetic tree of the HA genes of A/H1N1 strains worldwide showed that the HA genes of novel influenza virus A/H1N1 in 2009 shared a high homology with those of the 7 human A/H1N1 influenza viruses isolated in North America during 1976 to 2007, and shared a low homology with those of the human influenza viruses A/H1N1 isolated in Europe and Asia. Phylogenetic tree of the HA gene between different species showed that the HA genes of novel influenza virus A/H1N1 in 2009 had a close evolutionary relationship with those of the two swine A/H1N1 strains isolated in 1998 and 2007 in North America, but a distant evolutionary relationship with those of swine and avian A/H1N1 isolated in Europe and Asia. Alignment of amino acid at important antigenic sites showed that the HA gene of the novel A/H1N1 strains shared important antigen sites with the swine A/H1N1 influenza viruses isolated in North America, and did not share with the swine A/H1N1 influenza viruses isolated in Europe and Asia or the human A/H1N1 influenza vaccine strains. Conclusion: The HA genes of the novel influenza virus A/H1N1 might originate from swine A/H1N1 influenza viruses in North America after a long time evolution and the reassortment with fragments of human A/H1N1 in the area, and the current A/human/H1N1 influenza vaccine may not be effective for the novel A/H1N1 virus.

OBJECTIVE:To develop a capillary electrophoresis method for determing the enantiomer of ceftriaxone Na.METHODS:A chiral resolving agent,?-cyclodextrin,was employed as chiral additive for ceftriaxone Na enantiomeric separation by capillary electrophoresis.In different electrophoresis polarity mode,the effect of pH of background electrolyte and the concentration of ?-cyclodextrin were investigated.RESULTS:The optimal conditions for enantiomeric separation were as follows:separation voltage:28kV,buffer solution:NaH2 PO4 50mmol/L,?-CD 0.04mmol/L,Tirs 3.0mmol/L,pH7.15.CONC_LUSION:The method is simple,sensitive,rapid and accurate,and can be used for the quality control of ceftriaxone Na enantiomers.There was significant difference in contents of enantiomers of ceftriaxone Na between products of two factories.We suggest that a quality control method for ceftriaxone Na enantiomer should be established,which will provide scientific basis for quality control of drug and clinical choice of effective antibioties.

The present study was aimed to explore the relationship of transforming growth factor (TGF) beta3 gene SfaNI polymorphism (rs3917201 locus) and non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P) in people of the Uygur's Nationality and Han's in Xinjiang, China. TGFbeta3 gene fragment including SfaNI was amplified and purified as the template of the primer extension reaction thenafter. The single base extension reaction was carried out u sing SNP specific extension primer. The products were purified and analyzed by MALDI-TOF. The test showed that there were not significantly different frequencies of AA, AG, GG genotypes and alleles between the whole NSCL/P group and the whole control group (P > 0.05). Within the Uygurs or Hans, the frequencies of genotypes between the whole NSCL/P group and the whole control group were not significantly different (P > 0.05). The distributions of the A, G alleles between the NSCL/P group and the control group were not significantly different within the Uygurs (P > 0.05), but significant different within the Hans (P < 0.05). In all the NSCL/P patients, frequencies of genotypes and alleles were not significantly different between Uygurs and Hans (P > 0.05), and not significantly different (P > 0.05) either between Uygurs and Hans in all the healthy persons. The results proved that TGFbeta3 gene SfaNI polymorphism may not be related to NSCL/P in Xinjiang Uygur people, while the occurrence of NSCL/P in Han population may be related to frequency of the A and G allele of SfaNI polymorphism.
Alleles ; China ; Cleft Lip ; ethnology ; genetics ; Cleft Palate ; ethnology ; genetics ; Ethnic Groups ; Gene Frequency ; Genotype ; Humans ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Transforming Growth Factor beta3 ; genetics

Objective To establish a method for limit test of camphor in Shujin Huoxue pills. Methods A DB-WAX (30 m×0. 32 mm,0. 25 μm) capillary column was used with a programmed temperature. Results The linear range of camphor was 1. 05-210. 00 μg·mL-1(r=1. 0). The average recovery was 101. 7%(n=9, RSD=1. 2%). Conclusion The proposed method is simple, sensitive, accurate and reproducible, which is suitable for quality control of Shujin Huoxue Pills.

The poverty population definition for medical assistance was related to equity and precision,but still lacked theory and method in practice.The catastrophic and impoverishment health expenditure methods based on relative costs theory considered the family's ability to pay,which reflected the economic burden and poverty status of families.Meanwhile,they reflected the breadth and depth of poverty.Therefore,the theory and methods of catastrophic diseases relative costs could support the definition of catastrophic diseases for poverty population in China.