OBJECTIVES: Chlorogenic acid has various physiological activities such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral activities. Studies have shown that chlorogenic acid can alleviate the inflammatory response of mice with acute lung injury (ALI), but the specific mechanism is still unclear. This study aims to investigate whether chlorogenic acid attenuates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI in mice by regulating the microRNA-223 (miR-223)/nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) axis. METHODS: SPF grade BALBc male mice were randomly divided into a control group, a model group, a chlorogenic acid group, a chlorogenic acid+miR-223 negative control (miR-223 NC) group, and a chlorogenic acid+miR-223 inhibitor (miR-223 antagomir) group, 10 mice in each group. Except the control group, the other groups were instilled with 4 mg/kg LPS through the airway to establish the ALI mouse model. After the modeling, the mice in the chlorogenic acid group were continuously given chlorogenic acid (100 mg/kg) by gavage for 7 d. The chlorogenic acid+miR-223 NC group and the chlorogenic acid+miR-223 antagomir group were given 100 mg/kg chlorogenic acid by gavage every day, and then were injected with 10 μL of miR-223 NC (0.5 nmol/μL) and miR-223 antagomir (0.5 nmol/μL) respectively for 7 consecutive days.The control group and the model group were replaced with normal saline. The lung tissues of mice were taken to measure the ratios of lung wet to dry weight (W/D). The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of mice was collected to measure the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β by ELISA kit and to count the number of eosinophils (EOS), lymphocytes, neutrophils under light microscope. After HE staining, the pathological changes of lung tissues were observed and lung injury was scored. qRT-PCR method were used to determine the expression levels of miR-223 in lung tissues. Western blotting was used to determine the expression levels of NLRP3 protein in mouse lung tissues. Luciferase reporter assay was used to analyze the targeting relationship of miR-223 to NLRP3. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the lung W/D value, the lung injury score and the level of inflammatory factors in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were significantly increased in the model group (all P<0.05); the infiltration of inflammatory cells in the lung tissue was severe; the alveolar space was significantly increased; the alveolar wall was significantly thickened; the number of EOS, lymphocytes, and neutrophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was significantly increased (all P<0.05); the expression levels of miR-223 in lung tissue were significantly decreased (P<0.05); and the protein expression levels of NLRP3 were significantly increased (P<0.05). Compared with the model group, the W/D value of lungs, lung injury score, and levels of inflammatory factors in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were significantly decreased in the chlorogenic acid group, the chlorogenic acid+miR-223 NC group, and the chlorogenic acid+miR-223 antagomir group (all P<0.05); lung tissues damage was alleviated; the numbers of EOS, lymphocytes, and neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were significantly decreased (all P<0.05); the expression levels of miR-223 in lung tissues were significantly increased (P<0.05); and the expression levels of NLRP3 protein were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Compared with the chlorogenic acid group, the lung W/D value, lung injury score, and inflammatory factor levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were significantly increased in the chlorogenic acid+miR-223 antagomir group (all P<0.05); lung tissue damage was aggravated; the number of EOS, lymphocytes and neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid significantly increased (all P<0.05); the expression levels of miR-223 in lung tissues were significantly decreased (P<0.05); and the expression levels of NLRP3 protein were significantly increased (P<0.05). The results of luciferase reporter assay showed that miR-223 had a targeting relationship with NLRP3. CONCLUSIONS Chlorogenic acid may increase the level of miR-223, target the inhibition of NLRP3 expression, reduce LPS-induced inflammatory response in ALI mice, and alleviate pathological damage of lung tissues.
Acute Lung Injury/genetics* ; Animals ; Antagomirs/metabolism* ; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid ; Chlorogenic Acid/metabolism* ; Lipopolysaccharides/adverse effects* ; Lung/pathology* ; Male ; Mice ; MicroRNAs/metabolism* ; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/genetics*