The preparation and application of universal group O donor red blood cells (RBC) are a trend of future transfusion medicine. This article reviewed the technologies for producing universal RBC in recent years. One of them is modification of blood group antigens, which includes two basic methods. One of these two methods is enzymatic cleavage of the terminal immunodominant sugars from carbohydrate chains on the membrane of group A or/and group B RBC, in order to produce so-called enzyme-converted group O (ECO) RBC. ECO RBC have been produced from whole units of B RBC, which then survived normally when given to type A and O individuals in clinical trial. Because of the complexity of group A antigens, conversion of group A RBC (especially A1 RBC) to group O RBC is more difficult. Recently, a new bacterial glycosidase efficiently cleaving antigens on the surface of both A₁ and A₂ RBC has been obtained. Another method is pegylation, which camouflage the antigens on the surface of RBC with non-immunogenic molecules such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) in a non-specific way, to provide O, minor antigen negative phenotype RBC. The second technology is generating universal RBC from stem cells (such as hematopoietic stem cells, human embryonic stem cells) and human dermal fibroblasts, which will provide a new resource for blood supply. Great progress has been made, but a number of challenges still remain for using them in clinical transfusion, including scale-up, effectiveness and safety of prepared RBC. However, these researches will provide solutions for the problems in current transfusion, such as blood supply shortage, blood borne disease and emergency blood transfusion, and enhance the safety of clinical transfusions in the near future.
ABO Blood-Group System ; Cell Culture Techniques ; Embryonic Stem Cells ; Erythrocyte Count ; Erythrocyte Transfusion ; Erythrocytes ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells ; Humans

Adult ; Angiomatosis ; immunology ; pathology ; surgery ; Antigens, CD ; metabolism ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Hemangioma ; immunology ; pathology ; Humans ; Hyperplasia ; Spleen ; immunology ; pathology ; Splenectomy ; Splenic Diseases ; immunology ; pathology ; surgery ; Splenic Neoplasms ; immunology ; pathology

Aim To study the effects of cycle arrest and molecular mechanism in human leukemia HL-60 cells induced by diallyl disulfide ( DADS ) . Methods Cell count, colony formation in soft agar experiments and flow cytometry analysis were employed to observe the DADS-induced cell growth inhibition and the effect of cycle arrest in HL-60 cells. The expressions of Chk1/2 and its downstream element in HL-60 cells were detected by Western blot. Results Cell count revealed that population doubling time increased to 35. 03 h and 71. 82 h, respectively, from 19. 14 h in HL-60 cells treated with 60 and 120 μmol·L-1 DADS ( P<0. 05 ) . Colony formation in soft agar experiments showed that colony formation inhibition rate of HL-60 cells exposed to 30, 60, 90 and 120μmol·L-1 DADS increased to 35. 06%, 62. 10%, 93. 79% and 99. 35%, respectively ( P<0. 05 ) . Flow cytometry a-nalysis exhibited that HL-60 cells treated with 60 and 120 μmol · L-1 DADS for 24 h and 48 h arrested in G2/M phase in a concentration-and time-dependent manner ( P <0. 05 ) . Western blot disclosed that the expression of p-Chk1 increased in a time-dependent manner ( P <0. 05 ); however, Chk1, Chk2 and p-Chk2 were not changed in HL-60 cells treated with 60μmol·L-1 DADS (P >0. 05). The expression of Cdc25C, CyclinB1 and CDK1 decreased after treated with 60 μmol·L-1 DADS in a time-dependent manner ( P<0. 05 ) , but the expression of 14-3-3 protein did not change ( P>0. 05 ) . Conclusion DADS can in-hibit the proliferation of HL-60 cells, and induce G2/M arrest through Chk1/Cdc25 C/CyclinB1/CDK1 path-way.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the alkaloids from Senecio scandens.

METHODCompounds were isolated with silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and their structures were determined by spectral analysis and chemical evidence. The hepatic cytotoxicity of isolated compounds was tested by MTT method in vitro.

RESULTSix alkaloids were obtained and identified as adonifoline (1), 7-angeloylturneforcidine (2), hordenine (3), 1, 3, 6, 6-tetramethyl-5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-isoquinolin-8-one (4), 4-(pyrrolidin-2-one) -phenyl acetic acid (5), (4-pyrrolidinophenyl) acetic acid (6).

CONCLUSIONCompound 6 is a new natural product, compounds 3, 4 were obtained from the genus Senecio for the first time, compounds 2, 5 were obtained from this plant for the first time. Compound 1 showed significant growth inhibitory effect against hepatocyte at 100 micromol x L(-1).

Acetic Acid ; chemistry ; Alkaloids ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Dextrans ; chemistry ; Hepatocytes ; Lactones ; isolation & purification ; metabolism ; pharmacology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids ; isolation & purification ; metabolism ; pharmacology ; Senecio ; chemistry ; Silica Gel ; Tyramine ; analogs & derivatives ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology

IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a newly recognized fibro-inflammatory condition of autoimmune etiology in recent twenty years, mainly manifesting as mass-forming lesions in single or multiple organs. In the past, it was often missed or misdiagnosed as inflammation or tumor. Patients may die from multiple organ failure due to end-stage fibrosis if they are not treated promptly. However, the number of clinically confirmed cases has gradually increased with the improvement of diagnostic level in recent years, and these patients have benefited greatly after receiving early treatment. Although patients generally respond well to traditional immunosuppressors including glucocorticoids and disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, refractory and recurrent cases, even patients with glucocorticoid contraindication are common. Important mechanistic insights have been derived from studies of B-cell depletion therapy, but greater awareness of the pathophysiology of IgG4-RD is still badly needed to identify novel therapeutic targets. In this article, we reviewed the pathogenesis progress and promising therapy of IgG4-RD to seek better clinical management of IgG4-RD.

Objective To rational design HCV DNA vaccine candidates and evaluate their specific immunity to HCV in mice. Methods We design to construct two DNA vaccine candidates, one consists of E_2 (the envelope glycoprotein 2 of HCV) gene only, the second consists of E_2-gAD (Globular Domain of Human Adiponectin) fusion gene via overlapping PCR. Confirm the expression of the DNA vaccines by Western blotting, and then vaccinated by injection of DNA vaccines with gene electrotransfer (GET) in BALB/c mice. The immune response was measured by IFN-gamma ELISPOT. Results The DNA vaccine candidate consists of E_2-gAD could effectively express in vitro , and it could induced a higher anti-HCV T cell response in mice than the one consists of E_2 only. Conclusion The HCV DNA vaccine consists of E_2-gAD fusion can increase the immunity of the E_2 to some extend, and the research paved a way to develop and optimize the novel HCV DNA vaccine.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the expression and possible roles of Wnt inhibitory factor-1 (Wif-1) and β-catenin in the Wnt pathway in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).

METHODSThe clinical data of 35 children who had newly-diagnosed ALL and achieved complete remission on day 33 of remission induction therapy were retrospectively reviewed. The children before treatment were considered as the incipient group, and those who achieved complete remission on day 33 were considered as the remission group. Fifteen children with non-malignant hematologic diseases were enrolled as the control group. RT-PCR was used to measure the mRNA expression of Wif-1 and β-catenin. ELISA was used to measure the protein expression of Wif-1.

RESULTSCompared with the control and remission groups, the incipient group had significantly lower mRNA and protein expression of Wif-1 and significantly higher mRNA expression of β-catenin (P<0.05). In the incipient and remission groups, high-risk children showed significantly higher mRNA expression of β-catenin and significantly lower mRNA and protein expression of Wif-1 than the medium- and low-risk children (P<0.05). In the incipient and remission group, the children with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia showed significantly higher mRNA expression of β-catenin and significantly lower mRNA and protein expression of Wif-1 compared with those with B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (P<0.05). In each group, there was a negative correlation between the mRNA expression of Wif-1 and β-catenin (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONSReduced expression of Wif-1 and increased expression of β-catenin may be involved in the pathogenesis of childhood ALL, and the degree of reduction in Wif-1 and/or increase in β-catenin may be related to prognosis.

Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ; genetics ; physiology ; Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma ; etiology ; physiopathology ; RNA, Messenger ; analysis ; Repressor Proteins ; genetics ; physiology ; Wnt Signaling Pathway ; physiology ; beta Catenin ; genetics ; physiology

OBJECTIVETo compare the serological characters of an outbreak of hepatitis E and evaluate sensitivity and specificity of anti-HEV E2-IgM.

METHODSThe sera collected from the employees of an outbreak unit were detected for anti-HEV E2-IgM and IgG, and the serum samples from a neighboring department were used as control. The results detected with anti-HEV E2-IgM, IgG and Genelab anti-HEV IgM, IgG in some samples were compared.

RESULTSThe positive rate of anti-HEV E2-IgM in the control group was 0.11%. The results between the positive and the negative samples can be distinguished easily. The specificity of anti-HEV E2-IgM is about 99.89%. The positive rate of anti-HEV E2-IgM in outbreak stricken population was 8.66%, significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.001). The results from HEV patients' serial samples in the outbreak unit showed that the anti-HEV E2-IgM titer was high 30-60 days after the infected and then declined clearly. The positivity seemed unrelated to neither sex nor age. Among the 115 positive to anti-HEV E2-IgM, 27 were negative to Genelab anti-HEV IgG, the fact indicated a rather high risk of misdiagnosis of about 23.48%. In the 179 randomized samples of the control group, the positive rate of Genelabs anti-HEV IgG was about 11.17%. In 110 samples for the positive anti-HEV E2-IgM, the positive ratio of Genelabs anti-HEV IgG was about 76.36%, and that of Genelabs anti-HEV IgM only 69.09%. There were 16 samples negative for both Genelabs anti-HEV IgG and IgM. The ratio of the difference between the Genelabs anti-HEV IgG and IgM was about 25.45%.

CONCLUSIONThe specificity of anti-HEV E2-IgM was about 99%, and false positive rate was low. The sensitivity of anti-HEV E2-IgM in acute hepatitis E infection was 25%-30% higher than that of Genelabs anti-HEV IgM,IgG. The infected persons in the outbreak unit can be preferably distinguished from the non-infected persons by anti-HEV E2-IgM. Anti-HEV E2-IgM can image the characters of the outbreak of HEV and played a great role in the control of outbreak and in the early diagnosis for hepatitis E.

Antibodies, Viral ; blood ; China ; epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Hepatitis E ; blood ; epidemiology ; virology ; Hepatitis E virus ; immunology ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G ; blood ; Immunoglobulin M ; blood

OBJECTIVETo observe therapeutic effect of Tiaoshen Fuyin acupuncture therapy on cerebral infarction-induced Broca aphasia.

METHODSSixty cases were randomly divided into an observation group and a control group, 30 cases in each group. The observation group were treated with Tiaoshen Fuyin acupuncture therapy and language training, and the control group with simple language training. For the acupuncture treatment, Sishencong (EX-HN 1), Benshen (GB 13), Shenting (GV 24), Lianquan (CV 23), Xinshu (BL 15), Shentang (BL 44), Shendao (GV 11), Lingtao (HT 4) were selected and language training included training of phonatory organs in mouth, the mouth shape, sound, spoken language expression and practical exchange ability. They were treated for 5 therapeutic courses. Language examination was conducted once each before and after treatment with "Aphasia Battery of Chinese" (ABC method).

RESULTSThe therapeutic effect of Tiaoshen Fuyin acupuncture therapy combined with language training was better than that of simple language training.

CONCLUSIONTiaoshen Fuyin acupuncture therapy combined with language training can significantly improve language function and increase life quality in the patient of cerebral infarction-induced Broca aphasia.

Acupuncture Therapy ; methods ; Aged ; Aphasia, Broca ; therapy ; Cerebral Infarction ; complications ; Female ; Humans ; Language Therapy ; Male ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Middle Aged

OBJECTIVEEpinephrine has a place in the treatment of pediatric cardiopulmonary arrest but has been controversy concerning its optimal dose. This meta-analysis aimed to seek for evidences of the effectiveness of different doses of epinephrine in children with cardiac arrest and to evaluate the effectiveness of high-dose versus standard-dose epinephrine in children with cardiac arrest.

METHODPublished papers on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and prospective clinical controlled trials (CCTs) were electronically searched from MEDLINE (1966 to September 2006), EMBASE (1974 to June 2006), the Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library Issue 3, 2006), CBM (1998 to 2006) and CNKI (1994 to 2006). We also had searched the related references and manual retrieval 10 professional academic journals about epinephrine treatment of pediatric cardiopulmonary arrest (1998 to 2006). The search strategy was made according to the collaborative review group search strategy. At first, we found 546 articles. Second, we excluded 474 of them through reading the title, abstract, excluding non-randomized, non-controlled trials and non-clinical studies. Finally, we identified 4 papers through searching for original articles and telephone contact with some of the authors after excluding 68 papers. Then we performed the meta-analysis by RevMan 4.2.7. For homogenous dichotomous data (P > or = 0.1, I(2) < or = 50%) we calculated fixed effects model, relative risk (RR), 95% confidence intervals (CI), For heterogeneity Dichotomous data (P < 0.1, I(2)>50%) we calculated random effects model, relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).

RESULTFour trials involving 360 cases were included. The results of meta-analysis indicated that there were no statistical difference in recovery of spontaneous circulation [RR = 1.28, 95% CI (0.93, 1.77)]. Perondi, Patterson and Cheng xiuyong's study compared the rate of survival at 24 hours and showed statistical heterogeneity (P = 0.01, I(2) = 0.77). The random effects model indicated that there were no significant difference [RR = 1.40, 95% CI (0.43, 4.55)]. The sensitivity analysis showed that after deleting Perondi's group there were no statistical heterogeneity. Fixed effects model indicated that there were significant difference [RR = 2.50, 95% CI (1.52, 4.11)]. T When the rates of survival to hospital discharge were compared among the 4 studies, there was statistical heterogeneity (P = 0.07, I(2) = 0.58), the random effects model indicated that there were no statistical difference [RR = 1.78, 95% CI (0.42, 7.50)], There were no heterogeneity after Cheng Xiu-yong group was deleted.

CONCLUSIONHigher doses of epinephrine in children with cardiopulmonary arrest may not increase the rate of recovery of spontaneous circulation, the rate of survival at 24 hours, the rate of survival to hospital discharge and worsen the neurological outcomes. Adverse reactions is difficult to monitor and evaluate because of the current restrictions on medical technology.

Bronchodilator Agents ; toxicity ; Child ; Epinephrine ; toxicity ; Heart Arrest ; chemically induced ; mortality ; Humans ; Pediatrics ; Risk ; Treatment Outcome ; United States