More than 20 years have passed since the advent of individualized appliances, which are designed according to the corrective target position. Through a series of digital technology-aided design and production processes, individual appliances have been increasingly recognized and accepted by the public. At present, there are three types of individualized orthodontic appliances: individualized lingual orthodontic appliances, non-bracket invisible appliances and individualized labial appliances. Because of their good effects in orthodontics, these appliances have gradually become mainstream orthodontic treatment tools. However, many doubts persist regarding their use in clinical treatment. This article reviews the development history, design principles and characteristics of the three types of individualized appliances. The results of a literature review showed that CAD/CAM and CBCT provide a hardware foundation for personalized orthodontic appliances that simplifies the therapeutic process. Additionally, individualized appliances also place higher demands on orthodontists. This article could provide references for and help with the clinical selection and use of individualized appliances.

Objective To study the influence of total flavonoids of hemerocallis fulva(TFHF) on hepatocyte apoptosis and related protein expression in mice with alcoholic hepatic injury.Methods A total of 40 mice were randomly divided into four groups:blank control,model control andsmall and high dose TFHF groups,10 cases in each group.The mice were given the continuous gavage administration for 7 d.Then the model group was given once gavage by 50％ ethanol 12.0 mL/kg after 1 h of the last administration.The blank control group was given the equal volume of distilled water.The activity levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in serum as well as the superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in liver tissue hemogenate were detected.Hematoxylin and Eosin(HE) staining was performed for observing the pathological changes of the liver tissue.The flow cytometer was used to test the apoptosis ratio in hepatocyte suspension.The expressions of caspase-3,Bcl-2 and Bax protein were detected by Western blot.Results The various TFHF groups could decrease the activities of ALT and AST in serum (P＜0.05),while could decrease the MDA content in liver tissue hemogenate (P＜0.01) and increased the SOD activity;the liver tissue pathological examination showed that the high dose TFHF group could make the liver cell degeneration,alleviated the necrosis degree and relieved the pathological change of hepatic tissue;compared with the model group,the hepatocyte apoptosis rate in each TFHF group was decreased significantly;Western blotting results showed that the caspase-3 protein level in each TFHF group was decreased,expression of Bcl-2 protein was increased,whereas which of Bax protein was decreased and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio was reduced.Conclnsion TFHF has obvious protective effect on mice acute hepatic injury induced by ethanol,and can inhibit the hepatocyte apptosis,its action mechanism may be related to its antioxidation and regulation of caspase-3,Bcl-2 and Bax expression.

Objective To investigate the optimal window width and window level for measuring the airway dimensions with spiral CT scan in Japanese white big-ear rabbits so as to lay the foundation for airway stenting in animal experiments. Methods Multi-slice spiral CT scanning of cervico-thoracic region was performed in 30 healthy adult Japanese white big-ear rabbits, the anteroposterior and transversal diameter of the thoracic trachea, the anteroposterior diameter of the right and left bronchus were measured with lung window, mediastinum window and special fat window separately. The revealing rate of the tracheal wall and the measuring results in different windows and levels were recorded and compared with the anatomical data. The differences of the relevant data were statistically analyzed. Results With lung window, the tracheal wall was well demonstrated, but the relevant data were smaller than that with mediastinum window. With mediastinum window, the data were bigger and the tracheal wall border appeared blurred. The results obtained with fat window were close to the actual anatomical data. Conclusion For accurately measuring the anteroposterior and transversal diameter of the thoracic trachea in Japanese white big-ear rabbits with multi-slice spiral CT scan, fat window should be adopted, which is helpful for the preparation of tracheal and bronchial stents.

A comparison test on the number of puncture coring is conducted using the normal needle and the Huber needle in the injection area of the implantable drug-supplying device separately. The result indicates that the number of coring using the Huber needle is much less than that using the normal needle during the puncturing. So it is suggested to popularize the Huber needle in the drug transfusion of the implantable drug-supplying device.
Infusion Pumps, Implantable ; classification ; Needles

Objective To discuss the effect of limb elevation method on hemostasis after extraction of venous infusion needle in elderly patients .Methods Totals of 180 patients with peripheral venous infusion needle were randomly divided into the control group and the observation group , with 90 patients in each group . The control group, using the conventional body press method , were observed the hemostasis effect at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300 s after pressing and recorded the incidence of bleeding time .For the observation group , using the limb elevation method after withdrawal the needles , recorded the hemostatic time , the incidence of bruising and measured the blood pressure and pulse rate before and after removal the needles . Results The effective hemostatic time was 15-100 s for the observation group , with an average of (53.50 ± 22.84)s, and 60-240 s for the control group, with an average of (164.99 ±50.01)s, and the difference was significant (t=8.884, P<0.01).The differences of systolic blood pressure and pulse rate of the observation group before and after removal the needle had no significant difference ( t=1.278, 0.507, respectively;P>0.05), while the difference of diastolic blood pressure had significant difference (t=2.984,P<0.05).Two patients in the observation group had mild bruise , and eighteen patients in the control group had mild to moderate bruise, which was significantly different (Z=108.89,P<0.05).Conclusions The lime elevation method had a better hemostasis effect for elderly patients , which can significantly shorten bleeding time , reduce the occurrence of subcutaneous bruising and ensure the safety of elderly patients .

Objective To investigate the feasibility and primary therapeutic effect of inverted Y-shaped self-expandable metal stent for complex airway stenosis.Methods On the standpoint of the peculiar anatomic structure and the pathological changes of complex airway stenosis,we designed the inverted Y-shaped self- expandable metal stent.Under the fluoroscopic guidance,7 stents were implanted in 7 cases of airway complex stenosis.Results The inverted Y-shaped self-expandable metal stents were placed seccussfully,with instantaneous relief of dyspnea and improvement of living quality.Conclusion The placement of inverted Y- shaped self-expandable metal stent is feasible and safe for treating airway complex stenosis.(J Intervent Radiol, 2007,16:92-94)

Objective· To compare the impacts on clinical efficiency and safety between 0.014 inch Synchro microwire and Transend microwire used during mechanical thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) caused by large artery occlusion.Methods· Forty-six patients undergoing mechanical thrombectomy with stent retrievers between October 2012 and January 2016 were included,who were classified into Synchro group (21cases) and Transend group (25 cases).The clinical outcome,procedure time,and safety were analyzed and compared between two groups.Results· The recanalization rates were similar between two groups (P=0.600),but time from puncture to vascular recanalization of Synchro group was much shorter than that of Transend goup (48.88 min vs 82.33 min,P=0.001).The rates of functional independence (modified Rankin scale score ≤ 2) were similar between two groups (P=1.000).There was no significant difference of the rates of post-procedure subarachnoid hemorrhage (PSAH) between two groups (P=1.000).However,there were two cases that had fatal subarachnoid hemorrhage with intracranial hematoma in Transend group,while there was only one case of mild subarachnoid hemorrhage who recovered well in Synchro group.Conclusion· Compared with Transend microwire,Synchro microwire can significantly shorten the procedure time of mechanical thrombectomy,and the risk of fatal subarachnoid hemorrhage is rather small.

To investigate the effects of sera on the growth of single CD34(+) cells from patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hematoglobinuria (PNH), sera from both PNH patients and normal individuals were added separately to the single cell culture system and semi-solid colony formation system. The growth of the normal CD34(+) and PNH CD34(+) CD59(+) and CD34(+) CD59(-) cells was evaluated. No growth difference was found for growth of the normal CD34(+) and PNH CD34(+) CD59(+) cells when PNH or normal sera were added to the culture media in either single cell culture or colony formation culture. While no difference was detected for single PNH CD34(+) CD59(-) cells growth when PNH or normal sera were added, more colonies were observed in semi-solid culture with PNH sera. A conclusion was reached that compared with those from normal controls, the sera from PNH patients had no significant influence on single hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells derived from normal subjects and from PNH patients, but the PNH sera might promote the colony formation of the CD34(+) CD59(+) cells in semi-solid culture
Antigens, CD34 ; analysis ; Blood Proteins ; pharmacology ; CD59 Antigens ; analysis ; Cell Division ; drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells ; drug effects ; pathology ; Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal ; immunology ; pathology ; Humans

The aim of this work was to investigate guar gum/ethylcellulose mix coated pellets for potential colon-specific drug delivery. The coated pellets, containing 5-fluorouracil as a model drug, were prepared in a fluidized bed coater by spraying the aqueous/ethanol dispersion mixture of guar gum and ethylcellulose. The lag time of drug release and release rate were adjustable by changing the ratio of guar gum to ethylcellulose and coat weight gain. In order to find the optimal coating formulation that was able to achieve drug targeting to the colon, the effect of two independent variables (the ratio of guar gum to ethylcellulose and the coat weight gain) on drug release characteristics was studied using 3 x 4 factorial design and response surface methodology. Results indicated that drug release rate decreased as the proportion of ethylcellulose in the hybrid coat and the coat weight gain increased. When the ratio of guar gum to ethylcellulose was kept in the range of 0.2 to 0.7, and the coat weight gain in the range of 250% to 500%, the coated pellets can keep intact for about 5 h in upper gastrointestine and achieve colon-specific drug delivery. The pellets prepared under optimal conditions resulted in delayed-release sigmoidal patterns with T(5%) (time for 5% drug release) of 5.1 - 7.8 h and T(90%) (time for 90% drug release) of 9.8 - 16.3 h. Further more, drug release was accelerated and T(90%) of the optimum formulation pellets decreased to 9.0 - 14.5 h in pH 6.5 phosphate buffer with hydrolase. It is concluded that mixed coating of guar gum and ethylcellulose is able to provide protection of the drug load in the upper gastrointestinal tract, while allowing enzymatic breakdown of the hybrid coat to release the drug load in the colon.
Cellulose ; administration & dosage ; analogs & derivatives ; Colon ; metabolism ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Fluorouracil ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; Galactans ; administration & dosage ; Mannans ; administration & dosage ; Plant Gums ; administration & dosage

ObjectiveTo describe the modified (narrowed) gastric tube and two methods on the establishmentof enteral feeding pathway in esophagectomy.MethodsFrom July 2003 to April 2006,we made traditional gastric tube for patients underwent esophagectomy to substitute the dissected esophagus while from May 2006 to November 2009,we made modified gastric tube for the same purpose.From July 2003 to November 2009,enteral nutrition tubes for all these patients are placed intraoperatively by two different ways,which made early post-operative nutrition support possible for these patients.ResultsNo perioperative death occurred among the patients.The length of the modified gastric tube ensured the anastomosis by circular stapler at the apex thorax or in the bases of cervical region.No statistical differences were found between the two group in terms of survival rate.The intraoperative establishment of enteral nutrition pathway ensured the early enteral nutrition support after the operation.ConclusionThe utility of the modified gastric tube extends the length of gastric tube to make mechanical anastomose easier and safer; meanwhile,the intraoperative establishment of enteral nutrition pathway ensures the early enteral nutrition support after the operation.