Objective To investigate the different distribution and expression of mammalian target of rapamycin complex (mTORC) in the kidney of diabetic nephropathy (DN) mice.Methods Fourteen eight-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were assigned to 2 groups: the control group ( n=7 ) and the streptozotocin ( STZ )-induced DN group ( n=7 ) . Blood and urinary variables including glucose , albumin, creatinine and albumin/creatinine ratio were assessed 2 weeks after STZ injection.Hematoxylin-eosin staining was performed for renal pathological analyses .The distributions of mTOR , phosph-ser2448-mTOR(p-mTOR), mTORC1(Raptor), mTORC2(Rictor) and phosph-ser240/244-S6K1 (p-S6K1) were determined by immunofluorescence.The expression levels of mTOR, p-mTOR, mTORC1(Raptor), mTORC2(Rictor), S6K1 and p-S6K1 were detected by Western blotting .Results Two weeks after STZ injection , the diabetic mice developed albuminuria (P<0.01) and renal hypertrophy (P<0.05).The immunofluorescence positive staining for mTOR , Raptor, and Rictor was distributed in the epithelial cells of proximal tubules , glomerular mesangium and capillary loops as well as the medullary collecting ducts of the control mouse kidney .These positive signals increased in the DN mouse kidney ( P<0.05).However, pS6K1 was not detected in the inner medulla of control mouse and p-mTOR was not found in the glomeruli of both control and DN mice .Conclusion mTORC is widely expessed in the mouse kidney and participates in the development of DN , whereas the 2448 serine phosphorylation of mTOR may be not implicated in the hyperglycemia mediated glomerular injury .

Objective To determine the prevalence of female urinary incontinence among Chinese people in different areas. Methods A sampling survey of urinary incontinence was conducted on 668 female adults in a Beijing community,the Uygur region and a residential district inside the First Hospital of Peking University with questionnaire. Results The prevalence of female urinary incontinence was 46.5%(94/202) in the Beijing community,43.8%(134/306) in the Uygur Region and 40.6%(58/143) in the residential district inside the First Hospital of Peking University.The ratios of those who consulted with doctors to the separate surveyed population were 24.5%(23/94),29.1%(39/134),13.8%(8/58),respectively. Conclusions The prevalence of female urinary incontinence is similar in different population.Only a few of these women went to doctors,especially among the hospital staff and workers.

Objective To observe multiple metabolic changes within one year after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and to evaluate the index of the gastric bypass surgery and the determination of applicable population. Methods The clinical and laboratory data before and after surgery in 112 patients diagnosed as type 2 diabetes mellitus by RYGB were included in this study. According to BMI, these patients were divided into two groups: normal group (≤ 25kg/m2), and the overweight group (> 25 kg/m2). The physiologic and biochemical indexes of the patients were followed up at 1, 3, 6, 12 months, respectively. The statistical analysis was performed by SPSS17.0 software. Results Compared with the preoperative period, the levels of HbA1c and HOMA-IR in the postoperative period were significantly increased in the two groups. Principal component analysis showed that the postoperatively contributions of BMI and HbA1c in 6 months was bigger than that of the other indexes, while HOMA-β, HOMA-IR had larger contributions after 6-month postoperative period. Conclusion Various metabolic indexes in patients with type 2 diabetes improve significantly within one year after surgery, and the complete remission rate is gradually increased. The indexes including weight, blood glucose, serum lipids, HOMA-βand HOMA-IR in overweight and obese group have more significant improvements than those in normal group. Obese patients are more appropriate for the surgical treatment. The indexes, such as BMI, HbA1c,HOMA-βand HOMA-IR, should help to evaluate the operating effectiveness and preoperative indications.

Objective To investigate the functional and histological changes in aging gerbil bladders.MethodsTwelve male gerbils were randomly divided into control group and aging bladder group,with 6 in each group.Experiment was conducted in gerbils of control group and aging bladder group 6 months and 24 months after normal feeding,respectively.Urodynamic examinations including irrigation volume,compliance and filling pressure of bladder were performed,bladder weight was obtained,bladder weight index was calculated,morphological observation was conducted with HE staining,ratio of amount of smooth muscle to collagen was obtained with double immunohistochemical staining,and electron microscope was used to evaluate the ultrastructure of bladder.ResultsCompared with those in control group,the irrigation volume and compliance of bladder significantly decreased in aging bladder group(P0.05).However,the bladder weight index was significantly lower in aging bladder group(P0.05).There existed degeneration in smooth muscle cells and organelles in aging bladder group.ConclusionThe function of aging bladder in gerbils is impaired,which may be related to the degeneration of bladder tissues.

ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family B, Member 1 ; metabolism ; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols ; pharmacology ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Drug Resistance, Multiple ; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins ; metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2 ; metabolism ; Vault Ribonucleoprotein Particles ; metabolism

Objective To investigate the incidence of lower urinary tract symptoms(LUTS) and bladder function in the community-dwelling elderly females. Methods The questionnaires were administered,including complaints of LUTS,International Prostate Symptoms Score(IPSS) and quality of life assessment.Meanwhile,uroflowmetry was performed and volume of residual urine was measured. Results The total number of women surveyed was 359.According to IPSS,the prevalence of moderate to severe LUTS(IPSS≥8) was 39.0%.The prevalence in those with age of 50-59,60-69 and ≥70 years were 35.1%,46.2% and 54.8%,respectively(P=0.034).Of all the women surveyed,73.8% had predominantly irritative symptoms.The maximum flow rates(Qmax)were(24.5?11.5) mL/s,(22.7?11.0) mL/s and(14.5?8.2) mL/s,respectively for these age groups(P

OBJECTIVETo compare the urodynamic diagnostic types of dysuria in female patients of different age groups.

METHODSSix hundred and sixteen female patients with dysuria were evaluated from March 1997 to July 2008. No patients had history of nervous system disease and history of lower urinary tract operations. They had detrusor pressure-flow studies and uroflowmetry. The urodynamic diagnostic types were analyzed in 3 different age groups.

RESULTSIn 3 groups of 18 - 40 years, 40 - 60 years and > or = 60 years, the diagnosis of bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) had the highest proportion (54.8%, 59.1% and 45.0% respectively). The distribution of detrusor overactivity, detrusor under-activity and normal function had no significant difference between 3 groups. The distribution of BOO and acontractile detrusor had significantly difference between 3 groups. When groups of 18 - 40 years and 40 - 60 years were combined into 18 - 60 years group and compared with the older group, the proportion of BOO, acontractile detrusor and detrusor under-activity showed significantly difference. The proportions of BOO in the two groups were 57.3% and 45.0%, acontractile detrusor 15.6% and 23.9%, detrusor under-activity 17.4% and 25.0%, respectively. The proportion of reduced bladder sensation among detrusor under-activity patients in the older group was significantly higher.

CONCLUSIONSIn the urodynamic diagnoses of voiding difficulty in female patients, bladder outlet obstruction has the highest proportion. This proportion decreases in the older patients. The proportion of acontractile detrusor and detrusor under-activity increases in the older group.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Dysuria ; diagnosis ; etiology ; physiopathology ; Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Urodynamics ; physiology

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of Qianlie Huichun capsular on Fas expression and cell apoptosis of prostate gland tissue in the model rat.

METHODHypertrophy of prostate model rat was established by injecting testosterone to gelding male rats. After being treated with Qianlie Huichun ig 30 days, the rats were killed and prostate glands were resected for examination. The Fas expression was examined by immunobistochemical SABC. The cell apoptosis and the peak of cell apoptosis in the prostate gland of the rats were examined by flow cytometry. Compared with model group, the weight of prostage gland tissue in groups treated with Qianlie Huichun capsular was light (P < 0.01).

RESULTCompared with model group, the Fas expression in all treatment groups increase(P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Compared with normal and model groups, cell apoptosis in all treatment groups increase at different level(P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONThe Qianlie Huchun capsular increases the Fas expression and cell apoptosis of model rats, and shows a definite treatment effect on the hypertrophy of prostate by promoting the apoptosis of prostate cell.

Animals ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Arthropods ; chemistry ; Capsules ; Cuscuta ; chemistry ; Drug Combinations ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Fallopia japonica ; chemistry ; Male ; Materia Medica ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Prostate ; metabolism ; pathology ; Prostatic Hyperplasia ; metabolism ; pathology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; fas Receptor ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo analyze the effects about inclinations of the second and the third molars in patients treated with or without premolar extractions.

METHODSFifty-six adolescents were chosen and divided into the first premolar extraction and non-extraction groups, 30 and 26 patients respectively. The pre-treatment and post-treatment panoramic radiographs were made. Angles between long axis of the third molar and the occlusal plane (the second molar alike), and long axis of the second and the third molar were measured and evaluated.

RESULTSThe maxillary and mandibular third molar angulations were all improved after treatment in two groups. Compared with non-extraction group, the average changes of angle between long axis of the third molar and the occlusal plane increased significantly in maxilla and mandible (P < 0.05). Average changes of angles between long axis of the second and the third molar decreased and had statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). The change of angle between long axis of mandibular second molar and the occlusal plane had statistically significant difference (P < 0.05), but there was no statistically significant difference in maxillary second molar (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe first premolar extraction in orthodontic treatment could improve the third molar angulations and it would promote the eruption of the third molar.

Adolescent ; Bicuspid ; Dental Occlusion ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mandible ; Maxilla ; Molar ; Molar, Third ; Radiography, Panoramic ; Tooth Eruption ; Tooth Extraction

OBJECTIVETo observe the effect of bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) on the transdifferentiation of cultured human tubular epithelial cell (HKC) induced by TGF-beta1 and to elucidate its possible mechanism.

METHODSThe cultured HKC cells were divided into 5 groups: serum-free group (negative control); single TGF-beta1 treated group (positive control); single BMP-7 treated group; combined TGF-beta1 and BMP-7 treated group; and BMP-7 pre-treated group. Expression of keratin of HKC cells was assessed by indirect enzyme immunohistochemistry (IEI), expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) and E-cadherin by immunohistological method, percentage of alpha-SMA positive HKC cells by flow cytometry, and mRNA expression of alpha-SMA, TGF-beta1, and TGF-beta type II receptor by reverse transcription PCR.

RESULTSThe expression of alpha-SMA and the percentage of alpha-SMA positive HKC cells markedly increased after having been treated by TGF-beta1 while the expression of E-cadherin and keratin decreased. In the group pre-treated with BMP-7 (50 ng/ml) and then added with TGF-beta1 (8 ng/ml), expression of alpha-SMA was significantly lower than in the positive control group, while expression of E-cadherin and keratin significantly higher than in the positive control group. Measurement of the percentage of alpha-SMA positive HKC found significant deference between the combined TGF-beta1 and BMP-7 treated group and the positive control group (9.7% vs 19.8%; 5.8% vs 19.8%; P < 0.05). Significant difference existed between the BMP-7 (50 ng/ml) pre-treated group and the positive control group (8.7% vs 19.8%, P < 0.05). mRNA expression of alpha-SMA was measured by RT-PCR and the results showed that it significantly decreased in the group treated or pre-treated with BMP-7 (50 ng/ml) (15% and 12% of the results in the positive control group, respectively). The mRNA expression levels of both TGF-beta1 and its type II receptor significantly decreased (28% and 19%; 47% and 36%, compared with the positive control group, respectively).

CONCLUSIONTransdifferentiation of cultured renal epithelial cell induced by TGF-beta1 can be inhibittd by certain levels of BMP-7, cultured together with TGF-beta1 or pretreated. BMP-7 can prevent and inhibit the mRNA expression of TGF-beta1 and its type II receptor, which may be an important mechanism by which BMP-7 inhibit the transdifferentiation of renal tubular epithelial cell.

Actins ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7 ; Bone Morphogenetic Proteins ; pharmacology ; Cell Differentiation ; drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Epithelial Cells ; cytology ; Humans ; Kidney Tubules ; cytology ; metabolism ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Messenger ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Transforming Growth Factor beta ; pharmacology ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1