No abstract available.
Chitosan*

PURPOSE: To evaluate the usefulness, patterns and appearances of false positive lesions, and technical problems of CTAP(CT Arterioportography). MATERIALS AND METHODS: CTAP was done in 45 patients in whom hepatic lesions were suggested on other radiologic studies. CTAP findings were compared with the informations obtained by operations, biopsies, and follow-up imagings. Additional findings, which were not detected in other radiologic studies, false positive manifestations, and technical errors were analyzed. RESULTS: CTAP detected 51 additional hepatic lesions which are not detected in other imaging studies. Of the 51 lesions, ten were true positive hepatic tumors, 2 were inflammatory lesions and 39 were false positive .lesions. False positive lesions included perfusion defects of periportal and perifissural areas, subcapsular perfusion defects and nonlobar, nonsegmental geographic perfusion defects. In 2 cases, CTAP aided in deciding the surgical strategy. On the other hand, there were 4 cases causing interpretational confusion and 6 cases of improper imaging due to technical errors. CONCLUSION: CTAP was valuable in detection of additional hepatic cancer lesion as well as in making the treatment plan. However, since many false positive lesions and improper imaging due to technical error occur during the examination, the understanding of such problems is essential for correct interpretation of CTAP.
Biopsy ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hand ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; Perfusion

No abstract available.
Korea* ; Tuberous Sclerosis*

Developmental venous anomalies are congenital anomalies of the intracranial venous drainage and clinically asymptomatic. Cavernous hemangiomas are vascular malformations composed of dilated vascular channels lined with a single layer of endothelial cells without any intervening normal neural tissue. Although, cavernous hemangioma may be clinically silent, but frequently cause variable neurologic manifestations; intracranial hemorrhage, seizures, and focal neurologic deficits. Frequent association of these two diseases has already been reported and it has been suggested that cavernous hemangiomas not the developmental venous anomalies that cause the acute clinical symptoms. A 4 year old girl with sudden onset of headache, vomiting, gait disturbance and signs of unilateral cerebellar dysfunction 2 days before admission showed a 2.5x2.5cm sized hematoma with heterogenous signal intensity both in CT and MRI in the left cerebellar hemisphere. Four-vessel cerebral angiography revealed characteristic findings of developmental venous anomalies. Pathologic findings of the surgically removed hematoma disclosed typical feature of cavernous hemangioma. Based on the findings in this case and review of the literatures, we concluded that the possibility of other diseases such as cavernous hemangiomas must be considered in patients who has intracranial hemorrhage due to the developmental venous anomalies.
Cerebellar Diseases ; Cerebral Angiography ; Child, Preschool ; Drainage ; Endothelial Cells ; Female ; Gait ; Headache ; Hemangioma, Cavernous* ; Hematoma ; Hemorrhage* ; Humans ; Intracranial Hemorrhages ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Neurologic Manifestations ; Seizures ; Vascular Malformations ; Vomiting

Neuroblastoma stage IV-S patients have frequent spontaneous remission and high survival rate. Many investigators have recommended minimal or no therapeutic intervention ; however, some patient do experience progressive disease and ultimately die of neuroblastoma. We experienced a case of stage IVS neuroblastoma with N-myc amplification and coagulopathy. This patient has treated with combination chemotherapy and radiation therapy, then remained disease free for 1 year on the follow up till March, 1997.
Drug Therapy, Combination ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Neuroblastoma* ; Remission, Spontaneous ; Research Personnel ; Survival Rate

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare mammography and breast sonography in detection of breast cancer and to suggest reasonable guideline of breast imaging in breast cancer patients under 30 years of age in whom breast cancer shows different clinicopathologic characteristics compared with breast cancer in older women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A. uthors reviewed medical records of 27 patients under 30 years of age with pathologically-proven breast cancer. Age, family history, physical examination findings, indications for breast s0nography were reviewed. Cases in whom breast cancer lesion is detectable and cases in whom not detectable using mammography or breast sonography were reviewed. And then, authors evaluated the usefulness of each method and reasons for nonvisualization of lesion on mammography. RESULTS: Among 27 patients, 25 patients had palpable breast mass as indication of mammography and breast sonography. Cancer lesions were detectable in 16 of 25 patients (64%) on mammography and 24 of 25 patients (96%) on breast ultrasonography. Reasons for nonvisualization of cancer lesions on mammography were dense breast with nodular parenchyma pattern and minimal breast change of ductal carcinoma in situ. CONCLUSION: In breast cancer patients under 30 years of age who have palpable breast mass as a initiaJ, and main clinical problem, breast ultrasonography is superior to mammography in detecting and diagnosing breast cancer. We suggest that guidelines can avoid unnecessary mammography in these patients.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating ; Female ; Humans ; Mammography ; Medical Records ; Physical Examination ; Ultrasonography* ; Ultrasonography, Mammary

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare mammography and breast sonography in detection of breast cancer and to suggest reasonable guideline of breast imaging in breast cancer patients under 30 years of age in whom breast cancer shows different clinicopathologic characteristics compared with breast cancer in older women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A. uthors reviewed medical records of 27 patients under 30 years of age with pathologically-proven breast cancer. Age, family history, physical examination findings, indications for breast s0nography were reviewed. Cases in whom breast cancer lesion is detectable and cases in whom not detectable using mammography or breast sonography were reviewed. And then, authors evaluated the usefulness of each method and reasons for nonvisualization of lesion on mammography. RESULTS: Among 27 patients, 25 patients had palpable breast mass as indication of mammography and breast sonography. Cancer lesions were detectable in 16 of 25 patients (64%) on mammography and 24 of 25 patients (96%) on breast ultrasonography. Reasons for nonvisualization of cancer lesions on mammography were dense breast with nodular parenchyma pattern and minimal breast change of ductal carcinoma in situ. CONCLUSION: In breast cancer patients under 30 years of age who have palpable breast mass as a initiaJ, and main clinical problem, breast ultrasonography is superior to mammography in detecting and diagnosing breast cancer. We suggest that guidelines can avoid unnecessary mammography in these patients.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating ; Female ; Humans ; Mammography ; Medical Records ; Physical Examination ; Ultrasonography* ; Ultrasonography, Mammary

This study was conducted to measure the degree of Korean Gender Egalitarianism among the students from six different high schools(132 girls, 127 boys) in Sunchon si, Chunnam province from Dec. 7th to Dec. 15th in 1999. The survey on gender egalitarianism was done in relation to the public understanding of the subject matter, parents' hug times, and parent's communication skills. Korean gender egalitarianism scale was standardized by Korea Woman Developmental Institutes in 1999. The data was analyzed by SAS program. Results were as follows: 1) Generally, girls are more conscious of gender egalitariannism than boys(t=-13.79, p < .001). Above all, the younger the students are, the more they feel equal(F=8.01, p < .01). In sibling cases, two sisters have the highest level of gender egalitarianism while two brothers have the lowest level of gender egalitarianism(F=9.20, p < .001). Students who come from religious families are more inclined to demonstrate gender equality(t= 2.42, p < .05). However, there is no diffrence in relation to the parents' ages or academic background or harmony within the family. 2)There is no difference that girls and boys generally communicate with their parents. In ages, 17 years old students communicate more than 18, 19 with parents(father F=3.97 p < .05?mother F=5.31, p < .01). That is, the younger students can communicate with their mothers more often than the older ones. In sibling cases, two sisters have more openly communication to parents while two brothers have(F=2.84, p < .05). Students communicate with their parents regardless of parents' academic background. But those from the family in harmony have more open chance to communicate than those who are not in hamony(father F=21.66, p < .001?mother F=13.37, p < .001). They can comm -unicate with their parents better when their fathers hug them than when they didn't get hugs(father t=-4.76, p < .001? mother t=-2.34, p < .05). They can also communicate with their patents better when their mothers hug them once or more than when they didn't get hugs(father t=-3.78, p < .001?mother t=-5.64, p < .001). 3) There is no diffrence whether the father hugs or not, but the mother's hug is very important because students whose mothers hug them once or more have significantly more gender egalitarianism than those students whose mothers didn't do(t=-3.98, p < .001). Based upon these results, it is recommended that we reconsider the role of gender in the socialization of high school students and also include gender egalitarianism in sex education. In this context, further study should be done for the improvement of students' communication within the framework of egalitarianism based upon parents' hugs(semi-language). Continued study is especially important in regards to the mother's hug and its enhancement of the students' gender egalitarianism.
Academies and Institutes ; Adolescent ; Fathers ; Female ; Humans ; Jeollanam-do ; Korea ; Mothers ; Parents ; Sex Education ; Siblings ; Socialization ; Child Health

This study was conducted to measure the degree of Korean Gender Egalitarianism among the students from six different high schools(132 girls, 127 boys) in Sunchon si, Chunnam province from Dec. 7th to Dec. 15th in 1999. The survey on gender egalitarianism was done in relation to the public understanding of the subject matter, parents' hug times, and parent's communication skills. Korean gender egalitarianism scale was standardized by Korea Woman Developmental Institutes in 1999. The data was analyzed by SAS program. Results were as follows: 1) Generally, girls are more conscious of gender egalitariannism than boys(t=-13.79, p < .001). Above all, the younger the students are, the more they feel equal(F=8.01, p < .01). In sibling cases, two sisters have the highest level of gender egalitarianism while two brothers have the lowest level of gender egalitarianism(F=9.20, p < .001). Students who come from religious families are more inclined to demonstrate gender equality(t= 2.42, p < .05). However, there is no diffrence in relation to the parents' ages or academic background or harmony within the family. 2)There is no difference that girls and boys generally communicate with their parents. In ages, 17 years old students communicate more than 18, 19 with parents(father F=3.97 p < .05?mother F=5.31, p < .01). That is, the younger students can communicate with their mothers more often than the older ones. In sibling cases, two sisters have more openly communication to parents while two brothers have(F=2.84, p < .05). Students communicate with their parents regardless of parents' academic background. But those from the family in harmony have more open chance to communicate than those who are not in hamony(father F=21.66, p < .001?mother F=13.37, p < .001). They can comm -unicate with their parents better when their fathers hug them than when they didn't get hugs(father t=-4.76, p < .001? mother t=-2.34, p < .05). They can also communicate with their patents better when their mothers hug them once or more than when they didn't get hugs(father t=-3.78, p < .001?mother t=-5.64, p < .001). 3) There is no diffrence whether the father hugs or not, but the mother's hug is very important because students whose mothers hug them once or more have significantly more gender egalitarianism than those students whose mothers didn't do(t=-3.98, p < .001). Based upon these results, it is recommended that we reconsider the role of gender in the socialization of high school students and also include gender egalitarianism in sex education. In this context, further study should be done for the improvement of students' communication within the framework of egalitarianism based upon parents' hugs(semi-language). Continued study is especially important in regards to the mother's hug and its enhancement of the students' gender egalitarianism.
Academies and Institutes ; Adolescent ; Fathers ; Female ; Humans ; Jeollanam-do ; Korea ; Mothers ; Parents ; Sex Education ; Siblings ; Socialization ; Child Health

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the factors related to depression of elderly patients in geriatric hospitals. METHODS: The subjects were 195 elderly patients who met the inclusion criteria of scores more than 18 on the K-MMSE score and no reported mental disease. The data were collected from February 20 to March 20, 2009. The research instruments utilized in this study were depression (GDSSF-K), activities of daily living and self esteem (RSES), social support, life satisfaction. Data were analyzed Pearson correlation and Multiple Stepwise Regression using SPSS 15.0. RESULTS: Depression score were negatively correlation with ADL, social support, life satisfaction and self-esteem. Among the factors studied related to depression, life satisfaction had highest explanatory power of 36.5% and it was followed by physical health status and activity of daily living. These explained 43.7% of the depression. CONCLUSION: The mean GDSSF-K 8.94, which indicates the higher than middle levels of depression. The findings suggest that it is important to develop educational programs to increase life satisfaction, physical health status and activity of daily living. Nursing interventions, including volunteer activities, health promotion program, and sports program could be useful in enhancing these factors.
Activities of Daily Living ; Aged ; Depression ; Health Promotion ; Humans ; Patient Satisfaction ; Self Concept ; Sports