BACKGROUND: Several antibiotics can be used to treat ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii (CRAB-VAP) including high-dose sulbactam. However, the effectiveness of high-dose sulbactam therapy is not well known. We report our experience with high-dose sulbactam for treatment of CRAB-VAP. METHODS: Medical records of patients with CRAB-VAP who were given high-dose sulbactam between May 2013 and June 2015 were reviewed. RESULTS: Fifty-eight patients with CRAB-VAP were treated with high-dose sulbactam. The mean age was 72.0 ± 15.2 years, and the acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II (APACHE II) score was 15.1 ± 5.10 at the time of CRAB-VAP diagnosis. Early clinical improvement was observed in 65.5% of patients, and 30-day mortality was 29.3%. Early clinical failure (odds ratio [OR]: 8.720, confidence interval [CI]: 1.346-56.484; p = 0.023) and APACHE II score ≥ 14 at CRAB-VAP diagnosis (OR: 10.934, CI: 1.047-114.148; p = 0.046) were associated with 30-day mortality. CONCLUSIONS: High-dose sulbactam therapy may be effective for the treatment of CRAB-VAP. However, early clinical failure was observed in 35% of patients and was associated with poor outcome.
Acinetobacter baumannii* ; Acinetobacter* ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; APACHE ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Medical Records ; Mortality ; Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated* ; Sulbactam*

Purpose: To assess the prevalence and progression of a stage 0 macular hole in the fellow eye of patients with an idiopathic full-thickness macular hole.
Methods: The fellow eyes of 189 patients who underwent idiopathic full-thickness macular hole surgery were examined by biomicroscopy and spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). A subset of 21 fellow eyes with a stage 0 macular hole was observed. Changes in the macular hole were evaluated by biomicroscopy and SD-OCT for an average of 29 months.
Results: Among the 21 eyes, 15 showed no change in perifoveal vitreous detachment (71.4%). Two eyes (9.5%) developed complete vitreofoveal separation, and one of the two developed a separation after progression to stage 1A. Among 21 eyes, 5 (23.8%) developed above stage 1A, and one of the five progressed to stage 1B after five years, which was successfully treated with vitrectomy and gas tamponade.
Conclusions Perifoveal vitreous detachment in the fellow eye on SD-OCT, defined as a stage 0 macular hole, occurred at an earlier phase than stage 1A macular holes and may progress to an advanced stage. Therefore, patients who undergo macular hole surgery and have a stage 0 macular hole or perifoveal vitreous detachment in the fellow eye should be followed closely.

Purpose: To assess the prevalence and progression of a stage 0 macular hole in the fellow eye of patients with an idiopathic full-thickness macular hole.
Methods: The fellow eyes of 189 patients who underwent idiopathic full-thickness macular hole surgery were examined by biomicroscopy and spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). A subset of 21 fellow eyes with a stage 0 macular hole was observed. Changes in the macular hole were evaluated by biomicroscopy and SD-OCT for an average of 29 months.
Results: Among the 21 eyes, 15 showed no change in perifoveal vitreous detachment (71.4%). Two eyes (9.5%) developed complete vitreofoveal separation, and one of the two developed a separation after progression to stage 1A. Among 21 eyes, 5 (23.8%) developed above stage 1A, and one of the five progressed to stage 1B after five years, which was successfully treated with vitrectomy and gas tamponade.
Conclusions Perifoveal vitreous detachment in the fellow eye on SD-OCT, defined as a stage 0 macular hole, occurred at an earlier phase than stage 1A macular holes and may progress to an advanced stage. Therefore, patients who undergo macular hole surgery and have a stage 0 macular hole or perifoveal vitreous detachment in the fellow eye should be followed closely.

Purpose: This study compared the radiologic and clinical outcomes of metacarpal fractures treated with two minimally invasive surgical techniques: Kirschner wire (K-wire) fixation and headless screw fixation. Materials and Methods: This study included 52 patients (46 males and 6 females; age 18-55 years) with distal metacarpal fractures (middle and distal shaft, including the neck) who had undergone K-wire fixation or headless screw fixation. All subjects were followed up for at least six months. The radiologic assessments were performed to evaluate the angular deformity and shortenings. The total active motion (TAM), grip strength, and patients’ subjective functional assessment were measured to evaluatethe hand function. The time taken to return to work (RTW) and adverse events were analyzed. Results: Of the 52 cases, metacarpal fractures treated with headless screw fixation and K-wire fixation showed a significant difference associated with early RTW (p<0.05). There were no significant differences between the subjects treated with K-wire fixation and those with headless screw fixation in terms of the radiologic measurement, hand function examinations, complications, and adverse events (p>0.05). Conclusion After a six-month follow-up, minimally invasive K-wire fixation and headless screw fixation produced similar clinical and radiologic outcomes in subjects with metacarpal fractures. Compared to K-wire fixation, however, headless screw fixation led to earlier functional recovery and might be a better option for treating metacarpal fractures in this regard.

Pneumatosis intestinalis is an uncommon condition that is characterized by the presence of gas within the bowel wall. We experienced a case of pneumatosis intestinalis after cession of chemotherapy and we herein report on this case. A 58-year old man was admitted to our hospital for the evaluation of incidentally recognized pneumatosis intestinalis. He was diagnosed as having non small cell lung cancer in August 2006 and he received radiation therapy for concomitant brain metastasis and SVC syndrome in September 2006. He achieved a partial response after completing 6 cycles of chemotherapy with gemcitabine and cisplatin. Newly enlarged lymph nodes were observed on the follow-up CT, and chemotherapy with paclitaxel and carboplatin was started in July 2007. Due to the lack of a response, the therapeutic regimen was switched to oral erlotinib. After 1 month of treatment, the follow-up CT for response evaluation revealed pneumatosis intestinalis in the ascending colon without any subjective symptoms such as fever or abdominal pain. The laboratory results were within the normal range except for a slight increase of leukocytes. He underwent right hemicolectomy, but he didn't survive his postoperative acute renal failure and pneumonia
Abdominal Pain ; Acute Kidney Injury ; Brain ; Carboplatin ; Cisplatin ; Colon, Ascending ; Deoxycytidine ; Fever ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Leukocytes ; Lung ; Lung Neoplasms ; Lymph Nodes ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Paclitaxel ; Pneumonia ; Quinazolines ; Reference Values ; Small Cell Lung Carcinoma ; Erlotinib Hydrochloride

OBJECTIVES: Recently, Interest has been increase on the cognitive and emotional effects of bilateral eye movement. However, there is little research related to the subject in Korea. In this study, we evaluated the effects of bilateral eye movement to memory. METHODS: There were a total of 24 subjects between the ages of 18 and 45. All were right-handed. The subjects first studied words, and then performed recognition memory task about the words after bilateral eye movement and eye fixation. The results (recognition accuracy, response bias, mean response to hits) were compared and analyzed. In addition, We evaluated whether the results differ according to the type of word. Repeated measure analysis of variance was performed for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The main effects on condition [F(1, 23)=9.39, p<0.05] and word type [F(1, 23)=33.727, p<0.05] in recognition accuracy were statistically significant. Also main effect of mean response time to hits was observed [F(1, 23)=66.482, p<0.05]. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that bilateral eye movement enhance recognition accuracy than eye fixation. In this study, bilateral eye movement that affects cognition were investigated.
Bias (Epidemiology) ; Cognition ; Eye ; Eye Movements ; Korea ; Memory ; Reaction Time ; Task Performance and Analysis

OBJECTIVES: The deficit of recognition memory has been found as one of the common neurocognitive impairments in patients with schizophrenia. In addition, they were reported to fail to enhance the memory about emotional stimuli. Previous studies have shown that bilateral eye movements enhance the memory retrieval. Therefore, this study was conducted in order to investigate the memory enhancement of bilaterally alternating eye movements in schizophrenic patients. METHODS: Twenty one patients with schizophrenia participated in this study. The participants learned faces (angry or neutral faces), and then performed a recognition memory task in relation to the faces after bilateral eye movements and central fixation. Recognition accuracy, response bias, and mean response time to hits were compared and analysed. Two-way repeated measure analysis of variance was performed for statistical analysis. RESULTS: There was a significant effect of bilateral eye movements condition in mean response time(F=5.812, p<0.05) and response bias(F=10.366, p<0.01). Statistically significant interaction effects were not observed between eye movement condition and face emotion type. CONCLUSIONS: Irrespective of the emotional difference of facial stimuli, recognition memory processing was more enhanced after bilateral eye movements in patients with schizophrenia. Further study will be needed to investigate the underlying neural mechanism of bilateral eye movements-induced memory enhancement in patients with schizophrenia.
Bias (Epidemiology) ; Eye Movements* ; Humans ; Memory ; Reaction Time ; Schizophrenia*

Granulocytic sarcoma, as known as chloroma, is a localized solid tumor consisting of immature myeloid cells. It is a infrequent extramedullary manifestation of acute or chronic leukemias and can often precede their bone marrow involvement. Spinal involvement of granulocytic sarcoma is very rare. A 17-year-old man presented with low back pain, gluteal pain and perianal numbness for 1 month. Lumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was taken under impression of herniated lumbar intervertebral disc and showed an epidural mass at the lumbosacral spinal canal. Leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia and anemia were found on blood cell count. Excisional biopsy of mass was done and the histopathologic examination confirmed the diagnosis of granulocytic sarcoma. Subsequent bone marrow biopsy revealed myelodysplastic syndrome. He had received anti-leukemic chemotherapy and the size of lumbosacral mass was markedly decreased. As a granulocytic sarcoma of spinal column is uncommon, high index of suspicion is inevitable to diagnose it. Therefore it must be included as a differential diagnosis of spinal epidural mass.
Adolescent ; Anemia ; Biopsy ; Blood Cell Count ; Bone Marrow ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Humans ; Hypesthesia ; Intervertebral Disc ; Leukemia ; Leukocytosis ; Low Back Pain ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Myelodysplastic Syndromes ; Myeloid Cells ; Sarcoma, Myeloid ; Spinal Canal ; Spine ; Thrombocytopenia

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to present the newly developed pedicle guidance system for minimally invasive pedicle screw fixation under endoscopic visualization and to evaluate the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of this device. METHODS: The authors designed a special guidance device that allows a pedicle screw to be inserted with ease and accuracy under endoscopic visualization. The system consists of a bone biopsy needle (Jamshidi type needle), fiducial pins, a pushing trocar, retriever, specialized awls, and probes. After making an inch-long paramedian skin incision, the bone biopsy needle was percutaneously inserted into the pedicle, as in vertebroplasty, and the fiducial pin was inserted through the needle after removing the inner cannula. The fiducial pin was advanced into the vertebral body until the threaded distal end was positioned 1-2 cm away from the posterior bony structure. The biopsy needle was removed, leaving the fiducial pin in position. The operative wound was then dilated with a step dilator, a tubular retractor was introduced, and an endoscope was placed. Decompressive laminectomy and interbody fusion were then performed. A tubular retractor was repositioned in order to visualize the fiducial pins. A cannulated awl was used to create a hole over the fiducial pin. The pedicle trajectory was prepared using a cannulated probe, and a pedicle screw was inserted under fluoroscopic and endoscopic guidance. RESULT: Fifteen patients underwent surgery using this method. In all cases, the screws were safely inserted without misplacement. The overall operative time ranged from 180 min to 260 min (mean 219.3 min). There were no procedure related complications. CONCLUSION: This newly designed device proved to be practical, time saving, and useful for endoscope-assisted pedicle screw fixation.
Biopsy ; Catheters ; Endoscopes ; Endoscopy ; Humans ; Laminectomy ; Lumbar Vertebrae ; Needles ; Operative Time ; Skin ; Spinal Fusion ; Surgical Instruments ; Vertebroplasty

PURPOSE: To investigate the changes in corneal higher-order aberration (HOA) during amblyopia treatment and the correlation between HOA and astigmatism in hyperopic amblyopia children. METHODS: In this retrospective study, a total of 72 eyes from 72 patients ranging in age from 38 to 161 months were included. Patients were divided into two groups based on the degree of astigmatism. Corneal HOA was measured using a KR-1W aberrometer at the initial visit and at 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-ups. Correlation analysis was performed to assess the association between HOA and astigmatism. RESULTS: A total of 72 patients were enrolled in this study, 37 of which were classified as belonging to the higher astigmatism group, while 35 were assigned to the lower astigmatism group. There was a statistically significant difference in success rate between the higher and lower astigmatism groups. In both groups, all corneal HOAs were significantly reduced during amblyopia treatment. When comparing the two groups, a significant difference in coma HOA at the 12-month follow-up was detected (p = 0.043). In the Pearson correlation test, coma HOA at the 12-month follow-up demonstrated a statistically significant correlation with astigmatism and a stronger correlation with astigmatism in the higher astigmatism group than in the lower astigmatism group (coefficient values, 0.383 and 0.284 as well as p = 0.021 and p = 0.038, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: HOA, particularly coma HOA, correlated with astigmatism and could exert effects in cases involving hyperopic amblyopia.
Aberrometry ; Adolescent ; Amblyopia/*physiopathology ; Astigmatism/*physiopathology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Corneal Topography ; Corneal Wavefront Aberration/diagnosis/*physiopathology ; Eyeglasses ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Hyperopia/*physiopathology/therapy ; Retrospective Studies ; Visual Acuity/physiology