As a member of PARP superfamily, PARP3 shares a high homology with PARP1 and PARP2, which are all DNA-dependent enzymes that are catalytically activated by DNA strand breaks.Compared to PARP1 and PARP2, PARP3 exerted some special properties in tissue expression pattern and biological function.The evidence has shown that PARP3 could be activated by DNA double strand breaks and special DNA single strand breaks and synthesize mono(ADP-ribose) (MAR) covalently attached to target proteins including itself.PARP3 plays an important role in DNA double strand breaks, DNA single strand breaks, activation of PARP1 and development of nervous system.It has been reported that PARP3 is associated with glioma and breast cancers.In this review, PARP3 structure, activation mechanism, biological function and its relationship with diseases will be presented.

Objective To establish a malignant pleural effusion model of Lewis lung cancer in C57BL/6 mice based on Micro Echo technology. Methods Single tumor cell suspension of Lewis lung cancer was injected into thoracic cavity.The pleural effusion was detected by Micro Echo technology.The volumes of effusion were quantified and the tumor cells were counted.Results After implanted of tumor cell, malignant pleural effusion can be detected by Micro Echo technology and observed after autopsy.Chemotherapy drugs such as Cyclophosphamide and Cisplatin can decrease the effusion volumes.Conclusion Pleural effusion model of Lewis lung cancer based on Micro Echo technology can be used to evaluate the efficacy of antitumor drugs.

Objective To determine the safety and clinical value of secondary ERCP to a failed intubation procedure.Methods A total of 212 patients with difficult intubation during ERCP procedures were enrolled.Patients with failed conventional intubation accepted precut sphincterotomy.The operation stopped after one hour of effort.A secondary selective ERCP was performed at a appropriate time.The operation success rate and complication rate of first ERCP and secondary ERCP were compared.Results The success rate of first ERCP was 67.0％ (142/212),and the total success rate was 90.6％ (192/212).The total success rate is significantly higher than that of first ERCP operation(x2 =35.263,P ＜0.05).The complication rate of first ERCP,secondary ERCP and total complication rate was 8.96％ (19/212),4.29％ (3/70),10.38％ (22/212),respectively.Complication rates of total ERCP and secondary ERCP were not significantly different from the first ERCP (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion It is safe and effective for patients with failed ERCP intubations after precut to receive a secondary ERCP at a appropriate time.

Objective To evaluate the safety and efficacy of the endoscopic resection of large nonampullary duodenal adenomas.Methods Twenty cases with large nonampullary duodenal adenomas(≥ 1.0 cm) were referred for EMR.After submucosal injection of the mixture of glycerin fructose solution and methylene blue,either en bloc or piecemeal snare polypectomy was performed.All resected specimens were retrieved for pathologic study.Follow-up gastroscopy was performed in patients after EMR.Results Among 20 lesions,six were found located in the 1st part(30％),13 were in the 2nd part(65％),and one in the 3rd part(5％)of the duodenum.The mean diameter of the lesions was 1.9 ± 1.1 cm.Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) was performed in 12 patients,and all lesions were originated from the mucosa.EMR was performed successfully in 20 patients.The en bloc resection rate was 75％ (15/20),and the mean time for EMR was 33.8 ± 16.7 min.The perioperative complication rate was 20％ (4/20).Bleeding occurred within 24 hours after EMR in 4 cases.There were no perforations.The complete resection rate was 100％.Of these 20 adenomas,14 adenomas were tubulous and 6 was tubulovillous.During the follow-up period (2-39 months),1 patient showed recurrence within 6 months after EMR.Conclusion Endoscopic resection of large nonampullary duodenal adenomas is safe and effective treatment.

Objective To investigate the correlation between helicobacter pylori infection and pathological characteristics of gastric mucosal in the elderly.Methods Retrospective analysis was conducted in 278 patients with benign upper gastrointestinal disease from January 2014 to June 2014.The patients were examined by endoscopy and 13C-UBT,and divided into elderly group (aged 60 years and over,n=111) and non-elderly group (aged＜60 years,n=167).The relationships between Hp infection and pathological changes in gastric mucosal tissue (severe chronic inflammation,neutrophil infiltration,lymph follicles,gastric gland atrophy,intestinal metaplasia) were analyzed.Results There was no significant difference in helicobacter pylori infection rate between the elderly group and non-elderly group [27.0％ (30/111) vs.36.5％ (61/167),P＞0.05].The rate of gastric gland atrophy was higher in elderly group than in non-elderly group [13.5％ (15/111) vs.6.0％ (10/167),P=0.028].The rates of severe chronic inflammation,neutrophil infiltration,lymph follicles,gland atrophy and intestinal metaplasia were 73.6％,70.3％,14.3％,18.7％,29.7％ in patients with helicobacter pylori infection,which were higher than those in patients without helicobacter pylori infection (19.8％,3.2％,0.5％,4.3％,8.6％,respectively,all P=0.000).Removing the factor of Hp infection,the rates of glands atrophy and intestinal metaplasia were higher in elderly group than in non-elderly group (8.6％ vs.0.9％,43.3％ vs.23.0％,P=0.013 and 0.045).Conclusions Helicobacter pylori infection correlates with severe chronic gastric mucosal inflammation,neutrophil infiltration,lymph follicles formation.Gland atrophy and intestinal metaplasia are related to the Hp infection,and age is also their influencing factor.

Objective To evaluate the clinical utility of SpyGlass single-operator ERCP-guided cholangiopancreatoscopy system for the diagnosis and treatment of bile duct disorders.Methods A total of 9 patients with biliary diseases were treated with SpyGlass single-operator ERCP-guided cholangiopancreatoscopy system.Four patients with large bile duct stones accepted laser lithotripsy,and stones were removed by ERCP.Five patients with indeterminate bile duct stricture accepted cholangioscopy-guided sampling.All patients underwent ENBD,routine blood test,blood amylase test,oral food and water restriction,acid suppression and prophylactic antibiotics.Results SpyGlass was successful in all patients with a manipulating time of 21.2min and total procedure time of 46.2min.Complete stone clearance was achieved in all 4 patients with large biliary stones.Sample quality was adequate in all patients with bile duct stricture with 2 patients diagnosed as having malignant biliary tumor and 3 as inflammatory bile duct stenosis.Post-ERCP complications including mild pancreatitis in 2 patients,and the patients recovered gradually after corresponding treatment.Conclusion ERCP-guided cholangiopancreatoscopy with the SpyGlass system is technically feasible and can be successfully and safely performed in patients with biliary disorders.

Objective To explore the association between infant breastfeeding and cognition and behavior development in school age children.Methods Five hundred and eighty-one children aged 7-11 years old from two schools in Ningyang of Tai′an.Their cognition and beha-vior development during school age were assessed by Ravin's standard progressive matrices and child behavior check list(CBCL).Their feeding conditions during infant period,family environment,education level of parents,et al,were investigated with self-made inventory questionnaire.Association between infant breastfeeding types,duration of breastfeeding and cognition,behavior development were analyzed.Results The single factor analysis showed the scores of perceptual distinction,similarity,and Abstract thought in children who were only breast fed before 4 months were higher than those of controls for male children(Pa

The complement system is a powerful effector arm of innate immunity, which have the roles in phagocytosis of foreign elements, solubilization of immune complexes, apoptotic cell clearance and enhance of humoral immune responses.Dysregulation of complement activity has been connected to various disease including infections, autoimmune diseases and cancers.These triggered a broad of candidates acting at complement activation are currently in clinical development.This review will provide an overview of complement system and related diseases , and update recent development in complement-targeted drug discovery.

The theory of Constructivism was applied in different aspects of clinical teaching of surgery.The lessons were designed according to the character of students.Problem solving was emphasized during the course of teaching.An interactive and cooperative atmosphere was constructed.And a variety of additional related materials were provided.All these measures made the teaching activity more accord with the objective rule of clinical knowledge learning.Hence a better teaching effect was achieved.

To improve the teaching quality of advanced students on minimally invasive surgery is important for the generalization of new techniques on this subject.The teaching plan should be made according to the academic level of these students.Both theory learning and clinical practice should be emphasized.Multimedia tools should be adopted and English teaching should not be neglected.All these means help to better the teaching quality of advanced students on minimally invasive surgery.