Objective: To explore the role of cytosine-phosphate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide(CpG ODN)in enhan- cing the radiosensitivity to X-ray in mouse with Lewis lung cancer.Methods: The tumor-bearing mouse model was in- duced by injevting Lewis lung cancer cells into the right infra-axillary dermis.Thirty-two C57BL/6J mice were evenly ran- domized into 4 groups.Group A: the control group;Group B: the X-Ray radiation group;Group C: the CpG group; Group D: the CpG plus X-Ray radiation group.Group B was treated with X-Ray radiation only(3 Gy/F,on day 1,3,5, 8,10,and 12;the total dose was 18 Gy);group C was administered with CpG ODN 0.05 mg on day 1,3,5,8,10, and 12;group D was administered with CpG ODN 6h before X-ray radiation.The tumor growth and tumor growth delay (TGD)were observed in all groups.Meanwhile,the pathological change of the tumor tissue was observed with H-E staining method and the apoptosis of tumor cells were examined with the method of TUNEL.Results: The Lewis hmg cancer-bearing model was successfolly established in mice.The tumor volumes of the treatment groups were smaller than that in lhe control group(P

This paper report the development of a new dosage form - self-microemulsifying mouth dissolving films, which can improve the oral bioavailability of water insoluble drugs and have good compliance. A three factor, three-level Box-Behnken design was used for optimizing formulation, investigated the effect of amounts of microcrystalline cellulose, low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose and hypromellose on the weight, disintegration time, cumulative release of indomethacin after 2 min, microemulsified particle size and stretchability. Optimized self-microemulsifying mouth dissolving films could fast disintegrate in (17.09 +/- 0.72) s; obtain microemulsified particle size at (28.81 +/- 3.26) nm; and release in vitro at 2 min to (66.18 +/- 1.94)%. Self-microemulsifying mouth dissolving films with broad application prospects have good compliance, strong tensile and can be released rapidly in the mouth through fast self-microemulsifying.
Administration, Oral ; Biological Availability ; Cellulose ; analogs & derivatives ; chemistry ; Drug Compounding ; methods ; Drug Delivery Systems ; methods ; Emulsifying Agents ; chemistry ; Emulsions ; Hypromellose Derivatives ; Indomethacin ; administration & dosage ; Methylcellulose ; analogs & derivatives ; chemistry ; Particle Size ; Solubility ; Surface Properties ; Tensile Strength

Solid carriers had important effects on the properties of solid self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (S-SMEDDS). In order to make the basis for further development of S-SMEDDS, the influences of silica on the absorption of S-SMEDDS were investigated. An in vitro lipolysis model was used to evaluate the influence of silica on self-microemulsifying drug delivery system digestion from intestinal tract. S-SMEDDS containing silica were prepared by extrusion/spheronization. The drug release and absorption were investigated. The results showed that lipolysis rate and drug concentration in aqueous phase after intestinal lipolysis both increased by adding silica, which was benefit to drug absorption. And silica was not benefit to absorption for slowing drug release. Consistently, there was no significant influence of silica on intestinal absorption. This study implied that the influences of silica on lipolysis rate and drug release were both amount dependent and it is suggested that silica could be used as the solid carrier but the proportion needs to be optimized.
Animals ; Biological Availability ; Drug Delivery Systems ; methods ; Emulsions ; Indomethacin ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics ; Intestinal Absorption ; Lipolysis ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Silicon Dioxide ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; Solubility

A new dynamic in vitro intestinal absorption model for screening and evaluating lipid formulations was established by means of the characteristics of the intestinal digestion and absorption of the lipid formulations. This model was composed of two systems, including intestinal digestion and the intestinal tissue culture, which drew the evaluation method of intestinal absorption into the in vitro lipolysis model. The influence of several important model parameters such as Ca2+, D-glucose, K+ on the two systems of this model has been investigated. The results showed that increasing of Ca2+ concentration could be significantly conductive to intestinal digestion. The increasing of D-glucose concentration could stepped significantly down the decay of the intestinal activity. K+ was able to maintain intestinal activity, but the influence of different concentration levels on the decay of the intestinal activity was of no significant difference. Thus the model parameters were set up as follows: Ca2+ for 10 mmol x L(-1), D-glucose for 15 mmol x L(-1) and K+ for 5.5 mmol x L(-1). Type I lipid formulation was evaluated with this model, and there was a significant correlation between the absorption curve in vitro and absorption curve in vivo of rats (r = 0.995 6, P < 0.01). These results demonstrated that this model can be an attractive and great potential method for the screening, evaluating and predicting of the lipid formulations.
Animals ; Calcium ; metabolism ; Caprylates ; chemistry ; Digestion ; Glucose ; metabolism ; Glycerides ; chemistry ; Indomethacin ; chemistry ; Intestinal Absorption ; Lipids ; chemistry ; Lipolysis ; Models, Biological ; Potassium ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

The distribution fate and solubilization behavior of indomethacin through the intestinal tract were investigated with in vitro lipolysis model, by comparing the Capmul MCM and Labrafil M 1944 CS type I lipid formulations. The results showed that the more favorable solubilization was in the aqueous digestion phase from each lipid formulations for indomethacin. The lipolysis rate and extent were decided with chemical constitution of the lipid excipients, which meant that less indomethacin was transferred from the long chain polar oil lipid solution into the aqueous digestion phase. Increasing the concentration of indomethacin in the lipid formualitons from a solution to a suspension led to a linear increase in the concentration of indomethacin attained in the aqueous digestion phase from lipid formulations. This study also implied that adverse effects of the lipolysis rate and extent on drug absorption were could be taken into consideration when screening lipid formulations. Lipid suspensions likely had better enhancement of drug absorption. Last, this study demonstrated that a potential basis for optimizing and assessing type I lipid formulations and also researching in vivo-in vitro correlations of lipid formulations were provided by an in vitro lipolysis model.
Caprylates ; chemistry ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Digestion ; Excipients ; Glycerides ; chemistry ; Indomethacin ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics ; Lipolysis ; Models, Biological ; Polyethylene Glycols ; chemistry ; Solubility ; Suspensions

OBJECTIVETo investigate the association of changes in immune function with enterovirus 71 (EV71) cases with different severity of the disease.

METHODForty-six EV71-infected patients and 12 age-matched healthy children were enrolled in this study. The patients were divided into four groups according to critical degree of enterovirus 71 infection: hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD); central nervous system disease (CNSD); autonomic nervous system dysregulation (ANSD) and pulmonary edema (PE). We analyzed CD14+ monocyte HLA-DR expression, lymphocyte immunophenotypes, the proportion of CD4+CD25+ Foxp3high regulatory T cells (Treg cells) and Th17 cells, cytokines (IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IL-10, TGF-beta, IL-6, IL-17A), evaluated the mRNA levels of Foxp3 and ROR-gammat, and serum immunoglobulin and complements.

RESULT(1) Serum concentrations of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha elevated in mild cases, while declined in severe cases, and were lower in PE group (P<0.05). Serum concentrations of IL-10 and IL-10/TNF-alpha ratio gradually raised with the aggravation of the disease, and higher in PE group (P<0.05). (2) Circulating CD14+ monocyte HLA-DR expression, CD3+T cells, CD4+T cells, CD8+T cells, and NK cells gradually decreased, and lower in PE group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in B cells, immunoglobulin and complement among the four groups. (3) The proportion of CD4+CD25+ Foxp3high Treg cells, mRNA level of Foxp, and serum concentrations of TGF-beta gradually decreased with the aggravation of the disease, while the proportion of Th17 cells, serum concentrations of IL-17A, mRNA level of ROR-gammat, and IL-6 gradually increased with the aggravation.

CONCLUSIONImmune function changed with different illness phases. The mild cases presented systemic inflammatory response syndrome status, while critically ill cases presented compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome or mixed antagonist response status. Immunoregulatory treatment of patients with EV71 infection should emphasize different methods at different stage and individualization.

Adolescent ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes ; immunology ; Case-Control Studies ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Enterovirus A, Human ; Enterovirus Infections ; immunology ; metabolism ; pathology ; Female ; HLA-DR Antigens ; immunology ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Interleukin-10 ; metabolism ; Lymphocyte Count ; Male ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo investigate the anatomical interaction between uncinate process and agger nasi cell to better understand the anatomy of the frontal sinus drainage pathway by endoscopy, spiral computed tomography (CT) and sectioning.

METHODSTwenty-one skeletal skulls (forty-two sides) and one cadaver head (two sides) were studied by spiral CT together with endoscopy and collodion embedded thin sectioning at coronal plane. The sections with the thickness of 100 microm were stained with hemotoxylin and eosin.

RESULTSUnder endoscopy, a leaflet of bone to the middle turbinate, which is given off by uncinate process, forms the anterior insertion of the middle turbinate onto the lateral nasal wall. The middle portion of the uncinate process attached to the frontal process of the maxilla in all of the skeletal nasal cavities, as well as the lacrimal bone in 78.6% of the skeletal nasal cavities. On CT scans, the agger nasi cell is present in 90.5% of the skeletal nasal cavities. While the lateral wall of the agger nasi cell is formed by lacrimal bone, the medial wall of the agger nasi cell is formed by uncinate process. And the anterior wall is formed by the frontal process of the maxilla. The superior portion of the uncinate process forms the medial, posterior and top wall of the agger nasi cells. The superior portion of the uncinate extends into the frontal recess and may insert into lamina papyracea (33.3%), skull base (9.5%), middle turbinate, combination of these (57.2%).

CONCLUSIONSThe agger nasi cell is the key that unlocks the frontal recess.

Adult ; Frontal Sinus ; anatomy & histology ; diagnostic imaging ; Humans ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; Nasal Cavity ; anatomy & histology ; diagnostic imaging ; Tomography, Spiral Computed ; Turbinates ; anatomy & histology ; diagnostic imaging

OBJECTIVETo analyses the clinical application of thoracodorsal artery perforator flaps (TAP).

METHODSWe used free or pedicled TAP flaps in 7 patients from Aug 2006 to April 2007, The age ranged from 7 to 42 years old, the perforator arteries was detected and labeled with a hand held Doppler flowmeter, the size of flaps ranged from 6 cm x 9 cm - 12 cm x 16 cm, the flaps designed with perforator artery included, all the flaps are based on the first perforator artery.

RESULTSAll the flaps survived well, no complication occurred with lowest donor site morbidity.

CONCLUSIONSThe thoracodorsal artery flap with latissimus dorsal muscle saved is a thin and reliable flaps with robust of blood supply, the flap can reduce significantly donor site morbidity and is a good choice for reconstructive surgery.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Back ; blood supply ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Reconstructive Surgical Procedures ; methods ; Surgical Flaps ; blood supply ; Thoracic Arteries ; transplantation ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the effect and adverse effects of arsenic trioxide (As2O3) in the treatment of primary hepatocarcinoma patients, and conduct the pharmacokinetics study.

METHODSA total of one hundred and eleven advanced primary hepatocarcinoma patients in five centers were treated with As2O3 injection 7 - 8 mg/m(2) i.v. qd for 14 days and was repeated after 7 - 14 days. Evaluation of the clinical response and adverse effects was conducted after two cycles of treatment. The patient who had reached partial PR and SD was treated continuously until disease progression or intolerance.

RESULTSAmong the 102 patients evaluable for clinical efficacy analysis, there were 7 PR, 71 SD and 24 PD, the response rate was 6.9% and the clinical benefit rate was 76.5%. The quality of life was improved in 22.5% of patients. The pain relief rate was 71.7%, time to progress (TTP) was 97 days, and the median survival time (MST) was 195 days. The major adverse effects were reversible WHO I-II grade gastrointestinal reactions and bone marrow suppression. The results of pharmacokinetic study showed that the distribution and elimination characteristics in vivo was found to be a two-compartment model. The plasma elimination half-life was (23.94 ± 18.39) h.

CONCLUSIONSAs2O3 is effective in the management of primary hepatocarcinoma, with a significant analgesic effect. To some extent, it can extend TTP and MST in advanced liver cancer patients, while the treatment is well tolerated in the majority of patients.

Adult ; Aged ; Antineoplastic Agents ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; pharmacokinetics ; therapeutic use ; Arsenicals ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; pharmacokinetics ; therapeutic use ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; blood ; drug therapy ; pathology ; Disease Progression ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Half-Life ; Humans ; Injections ; Leukopenia ; chemically induced ; Liver Neoplasms ; blood ; drug therapy ; pathology ; Lung Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; secondary ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nausea ; chemically induced ; Neoplasm Staging ; Oxides ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; pharmacokinetics ; therapeutic use ; Quality of Life ; Remission Induction ; Survival Rate ; Vomiting ; chemically induced

Biphasic Insulins ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; drug therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Hypoglycemic Agents ; administration & dosage ; Insulin ; administration & dosage ; analogs & derivatives ; Insulin Aspart ; Insulin, Isophane ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Treatment Outcome