This erratum is being published to correct the co-authors errors.

The uptake of glucose for metabolism and growth is essential to most animal cells and is mediated by glucose-transporter (GLUT) proteins. The aim of this study was to determine which class of glucose transporter molecules was responsible for uptake of glucose in the mouse early embryo and at which stage the corresponding genes were expressed. In addition, co-culture system with vero cell was used to investigate the effect of the system on GLUT expression. Two-cell stage embryos were collected from the superovulated ICR female and divided into 3 groups. As a control, embryos were cultured in 0.4% BSA-T6 medium which includes glucose. For the experimental groups, embryos were cultured in either co-culture system with vero cells or glucose-free 76 medium supplemented with 0.4% BSA and pyruvate as an energy substrate. 2-cell to blastocyst stage embryos in those groups were respectively collected into microtubes (50 embryos/tube). Total RNA was extracted and RT-PCR was performed. The products were analysed after staining ethidium bromide by 2% agarose gel electrophoresis. Blastocysts were collected from each group at 120hr after hCG injection. They were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde, stained with hoechst, and mounted for observation. In control, GLUT1 was expressed from 4-cell to blastocyst. GLUT2 and GLUT3 were expressed in morula and blastocyst. GLUT4 was expressed in all stages. When embryos were cultured in glucose-free medium, no significant difference was shown in the expression of GLUTI1, 2 and 3, compared to control. However GLUT4 was not expressed until morular stage. When embryos were co-cultured with vero cell, there was no significant difference in the expression of GLUT1, 2, 3 and 4 compared to control. To determine cell growth of embryos, the average cell number of blastocyst was counted. The cell number of co-culture (93.8+/-3.1, n=35) is significantly higher than that of control and glucose-free group (76.6 +/- 3.8, n=35 and 68.2+/-4.3, n=30). This study shows that the GLUT genes are expressed differently according to embryo stage. GLUTs were detectable throughout mouse preimplantation development in control and co-culture groups. However, GLUT4 was not detected from 2- to 8-cell stage but detected from morula stage in glucose-free medium, suggested that GLUT genes are expressed autocrinally in the embryo regardless of the presence of glucose as an energy substrate. In addition, co-culture system can increase the cell count of blastocyst but not improve the expression of GLUT. In conclusion, expression of GLUT is dependent on embryo stage in preimplantation embryo development.
Animals ; Blastocyst ; Cell Count ; Coculture Techniques ; Electrophoresis, Agar Gel ; Embryonic Development ; Embryonic Structures* ; Ethidium ; Female ; Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative* ; Glucose* ; Glutaral ; Humans ; Metabolism ; Mice* ; Morula ; Pregnancy ; Pyruvic Acid ; RNA ; Vero Cells

Along with the steady growth of health functional food (HFF) markets, research evaluating the human effects of HFF has been expanding. In this study, we investigated the regulatory and management system of human study on HFF in the USA, Japan and UK, and the Korean domestic regulations on HHF, medicines, medical devices, cosmetics and biotechnology in order to improve the domestic management system. In these four countries, institutional review board (IRB) or research ethics committee (REC) approvals are required for on human study of HHF, but regulatory and management systems differ from country to country. In the USA, human studies on HFF for structure/function claims do not require the FDA's prior approval but clinical trials of the disease treatment effects of HHF require prior approval from the FDA. In the USA, IRBs are managed by the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) rather than the FDA, and IRBs in those institutions which would execute the clinical trials requiring prior approval from the FDA or human studies funded by the USA federal government are required to be registered on the DHHS. In the UK, although the government does not require prior approval of human study, authorized RECs managed by the National Research Ethics Service (NRES) and other independent RECs review the human study. In Japan, human study for HFF must conform with "Ethical guidelines for epidemiological research" and IRB registration has not been required. In Korean domestic regulations, the responsibilities, compositions, functions and operations of IRBs on medicines, medical devices and biotechnology are legally specified, but not those of IRB on HHF. These foreign statuses for the management of human study on HFF and comparisons with Korean regulations are expected to be used as basic data to improve the domestic legal system.
Biotechnology ; Cosmetics ; Ethics Committees, Research ; Ethics, Research ; Federal Government ; Financial Management ; Functional Food ; Humans ; Japan ; Social Control, Formal ; United States Dept. of Health and Human Services

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is located most frequently in the cerebral hemispheres. Glioblastoma presenting as an extraaxial mass of cerebellopontine angle (CPA) is very rare in adults. We report a rare case of GBM arising in the CPA. The patient was a 71-year-old female, who complained of progressive gait disturbance and poor memory. Initial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a 1.4×1.3 cm mass in the left CPA, with broad base to the petrous bone, showing homogenous enhancement. Follow-up MRI showed a rapid increase in size of mass (2.7×2.2 cm) with a necrotic portion. A stereotactic biopsy was done under the guidance of navigation system, and the histopathologic diagnosis was GBM, World Heath Organization grade IV. Further surgical resection was not performed considering her general condition, and the patient underwent concurrent chemotherapy with radiation therapy. Although rare, the possibility of glioblastoma should be included in the differential diagnosis of atypical CPA tumor.
Adult ; Aged ; Biopsy ; Cerebellopontine Angle* ; Cerebrum ; Diagnosis ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Drug Therapy ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Gait ; Glioblastoma* ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Memory ; Petrous Bone

Clinical observations were made on 338 low birth weight infants, who were delivered at Pusan Wallace Memorial Baptist Hospital, during the 3 year periods from 1989 to 1991. The results were as follows; The incidence of LBWI was 5.6% and sex ratio was 1:1.09. Among them AGA was 62.7%. 2) Of all infants, 47.3% were in the birth weight range of 2251-2500 gm and 25.1% were in the gestational age group of 37-38 week. 3) LBWI were most prevalent among mothers under 20 years old and over 41 years old. 4) The Incidence of LBWI was higher in multiparity than primiparity and in multiple pregnancy than single pregnancy. 5) Vaginal delivery was 63.9% and c-section delivery was 36.1%. 6) The order or frequency of the etiology of LBWI was multiple pregnancy, premature rupture of membrane and toxemia. 7) The mortality rate of LBWI was 12.7% and mortality rate by weight-gestational age was lower in AGA group than SGA and LGA group. 8) A Higher mortality rate was noted in the group of lower birth weight infant, and in the group of more shortened gestational age. 9) 48.8% of death occured within ist day of birth. The common causes of death were respiratory distress syndrome, asphyxia, and apnea.
Adult ; Apnea ; Asphyxia ; Birth Weight ; Busan ; Cause of Death ; Female ; Gestational Age ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant* ; Infant, Low Birth Weight* ; Infant, Newborn ; Membranes ; Mortality ; Mothers ; Parity ; Parturition ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy, Multiple ; Protestantism ; Rupture ; Sex Ratio ; Toxemia ; Young Adult

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to explore factors which influence adoption, implementation and continued use of tele-healthcare systems. METHODS: Qualitative research was conducted by in-depth interviews with 17 professionals from various fields of organizations involved in developing and implementing tele-healthcare systems. Data were analysed thematically, using a conceptual model of diffusion of innovations. RESULTS: The system users were reacted positively to the 3 attributes out of 9 which decided the adoption of innovation. In addition, it is required to redesign the tele-health care system simpler and easier so that the system users can access to the system much more easily regardless of space and time limitations. From the design stage on an individual level, it is necessary to conduct detailed needs analysis and listen to users who are at the center of innovation diffusion. On an organizational level, it is necessary to actively prepare for possible problems during system implementation, educate the users and build communication channels continuously. CONCLUSION: This study has identified the factors affecting the innovation of tele-health care systems and contributed to the understanding of the operation of tele-health care systems by the diffusion of innovation theory in community health posts.
Delivery of Health Care ; Diffusion of Innovation* ; Diffusion* ; Qualitative Research ; Telemedicine

PURPOSE: To evaluate the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings to improve the diagnostic accuracy for transverse process fractures and sacral fractures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The lumbosacral MRI scans of 214 patients (mean age, 60 years; male-to-female ratio, 85:129), who had spine trauma between January and November 2015 were included. Two radiologists evaluated the presence, number, level, and anatomic site of the fractures on MRI with computed tomography as reference standard. Imaging findings were described as cortical disruption, marrow edema, or soft tissue edema on T1-, T2-, and fat-suppressed T2-weighted images. A statistical analysis was performed to compare the diagnostic accuracy of the MRI pulse sequences for the transverse process and sacral fractures. RESULTS: Of 168 fractures, 26 (15.5%) and 13 (4.9%) were in the transverse processes and sacra, respectively. A paravertebral soft tissue edema occurred in the transverse process fractures (80.8%) and presacral soft tissue and marrow edemas occurred in the sacral fractures (46.1%). The sensitivity for the transverse process fractures was 88% on the T2-weighted image. It was 92% on fat-suppressed T2- and T1-weighted images for sacral fractures. CONCLUSION Bone marrow and soft tissue edemas on the MRI could potentially improve the diagnostic accuracy of an MRI for fractures in the transverse process and sacrum.

Monitoring fetal movement serves as an indirect rneasure of fetal well-being, especially for central nervous system integrity and function. Methods to monitor fetal movement vary from the simple approach of having the mother chart perceived movement to highly specialized methods. However there were no reliable objective monitoring methods in Korea. For development of objective method for evaluating fetal movement, during pregnancy, one-hundred and two pregnant patients were entered to this study. All patients were divided into following 3 groups and each type of monitoring methods were applied. Group 1(N=20): Type I using portable FHR Doppler unit(IFD-100 model, Intermed, Korea). Group 2(N=20): Type II using FHR Microphone(Prenatal Listening Kit, Model FS002, Unisar Inc., US). Group 3(N=62): Type III using conventional ultrasound transducer(Corometric 115 Model, US). In this study, accurate counting of the fetal movementutus were best performed using Type III, because of monitoring fetal movements has its greatest efficiency when using conventional ultrasound transducer of fetal monitor. It was also attractive to doctors and nurses as a convenient methods because it needed only single transducer when compared to Type I and II. Although monitoring fetal body movement permits a general assessment of well-being, no perfect technique is still reliable. Futher techniques would be developed using the results of this study for improvement of several factors such as accuracy and objectiveness
Central Nervous System ; Fetal Monitoring ; Fetal Movement* ; Humans ; Korea ; Mothers ; Pregnancy* ; Transducers ; Ultrasonography

PURPOSE: To evaluate the glaucoma discrimination ability of visual field index (VFI), a new perimetric index of Humphrey field analyzer II, in glaucoma patients with central and peripheral visual field defects (VFD). METHODS: Humphrey visual field test and OCT were performed in 204 glaucomatous eyes and 70 healthy eyes. The associations of VFI with mean deviation (MD), pattern standard deviation (PSD), and average retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) were analyzed using Pearson's correlation. The diagnostic abilities of the parameters were analyzed using the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROC). The AUROC were compared between MD-matched patients with central VFD (at least one point with p < 1% within the central most 16 points of 30-2 SITA standard automated visual field) and peripheral VFD (VFD beyond the central most 16 points of 30-2 SITA standard automated visual field). RESULTS: The associations between analyzed parameters and VFI were statistically significant. The MD, RNFLT, age, intraocular pressure, and central cornea thickness were not different between the two groups (p > 0.05). The AUROC value of VFI was greater than those of the MD and average RNFLT but was not different from that of PSD (p = 0.332) in the central VFD group. However, there were no significant differences between AUROC value of VFI and those of other parameters in the peripheral VFD group (all, p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results from the present study suggest that VFI may be more useful than MD in diagnosing glaucoma, especially in patients with central VFD.
Cornea ; Discrimination (Psychology) ; Eye ; Glaucoma ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure ; Nerve Fibers ; Retinaldehyde ; ROC Curve ; Visual Field Tests ; Visual Fields

OBJECTIVES: Seoul-Activities of Daily Living(S-ADL) was developed to assess elderly person's basic activities of daily living. This study aims to develop standardized ADL assessment scale and confirm the reliability and validity of the S-ADL. METHODS: It was participated in 336 controls and 145 patients diagnosed Alzheimer's disease. RESULTS: In controls, it was statistically significant to age, but not sex, education, region and presence of spouse. Also, reliability and validity were statistically significant. Principal axis factoring analysis revealed three factors that accounted for 66.67% of the total variance(1.self-care/hygiene, 2.ambulation, 3.toileting). According to each CDR stage, there were significant difference, except for CDR 0.5 and CDR 1 suggesting early dementia. Particularly, it was remarkable for functional impairment in CDR 2 and CDR 3 suggesting moderate to severe dementia. The order of the loss of function was (1) self-care/hygiene, (2) toileting, and (3) ambulation. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that the S-ADL could be a very reliable and valid tool for the assessment of functional disabilities of Korean dementia patients. Particularly, S-ADL would be useful in assessing daily function of moderate to severe AD.
Activities of Daily Living ; Aged ; Alzheimer Disease ; Axis, Cervical Vertebra ; Dementia ; Education ; Humans ; Reproducibility of Results* ; Spouses ; Walking