Compared to conventional method, if metal framework of removable partial denture is fabricated by selective laser melting, various laboratory works are omitted, saving time and simplifying the process. In addition, metal framework with homogeneous density can be obtained, expecting excellent mechanical properties, especially resistance to fatigue fracture. In these cases, impression were taken using conventional methods in partial edentulous patients, master casts were fabricated and scanned to obtain digital data. After designing the metal frameworks on the scanned data, removable partial dentures were fabricated using selective laser melting methods. Through these procedure, satisfactory outcomes were achieved both in functional and esthetic aspects.

Purpose: In this study, we intended to study the change in bond strength according to the thermal cycling of provisional resin and 3D printed resin for making provisional restoration. Materials and Methods: Through DLP method, 3D printed resin powder was used to produce 3D printed resin samples. The samples were grouped into eight groups, according to types of provisional resin (PMMA, bis-acryl resin) which is to be bonded on the samples and numbers of thermal cycling (control, 2,000, 3,000, 5,000 cycles). Shear bond strength of the bonded samples was measured on the universal testing machine. Results: As the number of thermal cycling increased, the shear bond strength of PMMA and bis-acryl resin for 3D printed resins decreased except between 3,000 cycles and 5,000 cycles in PMMA groups. In the PMMA group, there were significant differences in shear bond strength between less number than 3,000 cycles (P < 0.05) and no significant differences between more number than 3,000 cycles (P > 0.05). In the bis-acryl resin group, there were significant differences in shear bond strength between control and 2,000 cycles, control and 3,000 cycles, and control and 5,000 cycles (P < 0.05), no significant difference between 2,000 and 3,000 cycles, between 3,000 and 5,000 cycles (P > 0.05). Conclusion The shear bond strength between 3D printed resin and provisional resin tended to decrease after thermal cycling.

Carcinoid tumors arising in the extrahepatic bile duct are very rare, accounting for only 0.2%~2% of all gastrointestinal carcinoid tumord. We experienced one case of a carcinoid tumor in the common bile duct. A 43-years-old man was unexpectedly found to have a carcinoid tumor of the common bile duct. This patient had no obstructive jaundice, yet we thought that this tumor was a clinically malignant tumor, so we performed pylorus preserving pancreatoduodenectomy. Pathologically, an ill-demarcated mass that measured 1.5x1.5cm in size had invaded into the pancreas. Immunohistochemically, the mass was founded to be chromogranin, synaptophysin and CD56 positive. The patient who underwent curative resection is alive and disease-free at time of this publication. This report also reviews the relevant literature on carcinoid tumors in the common bile duct.
Bile Ducts, Extrahepatic ; Carcinoid Tumor* ; Common Bile Duct* ; Humans ; Jaundice, Obstructive ; Pancreas ; Pancreaticoduodenectomy ; Publications ; Pylorus ; Synaptophysin

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of A ClinicianAdministered PTSD Scale(CAPS). METHODS: CAPS was administered to 28 PTSD subjects, 30 non-PTSD subjects, and 36 normal subjects. Interrater reliability for the CAPS was established by interviewing 10 PTSD subjects. The interviews were conducted by 2 interviewers simultaneously. The authors adminstered to all the subjects Impact of Event Scale(IES), Beck Depression Inventory(BDI), State Trait Anxiety Inventory I, II (STAI-I, II) for measuring concurrent validity. RESULTS: The value of Cronbach's alpha and interrater agreement were .95 and .89, respectively. The CAPS was highly correlated with IES(r=.80), BDI(r=.70), STAI-II(r=.56). But the CAPS was not correlated with STAI-I(r=.20). The CAPS showed an overall agreement with clinical diagnosis of 82.1%. CONCLUSIONS: The CAPS shows a reasonable degree of reliability and validity. The CAPS could be a valuable tool to diagnose PTSD.
Anxiety ; Depression ; Diagnosis ; Reproducibility of Results* ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic*

STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective study. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the clinical and radiological outcomes of anterior cervical fusion within Harms cage versus an iliac bone block graft. SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW: There is no current consensus regarding the optimal material for anterior cervical fusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a single-center study of 107 patients who either underwent anterior cervical fusion with an iliac bone block graft (n=56; group A) or a cancellous bone graft within the cervical Harms titanium cage (n=51; group B). Anterior plating occurred in all cases. Clinical outcomes and complications were evaluated using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scores and Odom's Criteria. Radiological outcomes were evaluated by the height of vertebral bodies, sagittal lordosis, the rate of bony union, and the subsidence of cage. RESULTS: The VAS of donor site pain was significantly higher in group A than in group B at the final follow-up. Sagittal lordosis was increased in both groups, but was significantly higher in group B than group A. The rate of bony union was 95% and 91% for both groups 6 months after surgery and reached 100% for both groups at the final follow-up. In terms of cage subsidence, the highest point of subsidence was at the inferior and posterior aspect of the cage and the average amount of subsidence was approximately 1.3 mm at final follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Anterior cervical fusion using a cancellous bone graft within Harms titanium cage is a good method for anterior cervical fusion with iliac bone block.
Animals ; Consensus ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Lordosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Tissue Donors ; Titanium ; Transplants

OBJECTIVES: The protective effects of estrogen against the development of schizophrenia have been investigated in various perspectives. Previous studies showed patients with earlier age of menarche had later onset of schizophrenia and less frequent admissions. This study was performed to evaluate the effect of the age of menarche on subsequent courses including hospitalizations, suicidal attempts, physical harm to others, and psychotic symptoms in women with schizophrenia. METHODS: Self-report menarche age, onset of psychotic symptoms, and clinical status were collected in a sample of 108 premenopausal women with the diagnosis of schizophrenia. RESULTS: There was significant correlation between the age of menarche and the frequency of admissions (r=.321, p=.006). Also, patients with history of physical harms to others showed later age of menarche than those without (t=2.025, df= 106, p=.045). CONCLUSION: In women with schizophrenia, the age of onset of menarche affects subsequent courses indicated by frequency of admissions and violent behaviors. It is suggested that identifying the age of menarche might be helpful to predict the courses in women with schizophrenia. Further investigations regarding the relationship between estrogen and the courses of schizophrenia in women are needed.
Age of Onset ; Diagnosis ; Estrogens ; Female ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Menarche* ; Schizophrenia*

OBJECTIVES: The protective effects of estrogen against the development of schizophrenia have been investigated in various perspectives. Previous studies showed patients with earlier age of menarche had later onset of schizophrenia and less frequent admissions. This study was performed to evaluate the effect of the age of menarche on subsequent courses including hospitalizations, suicidal attempts, physical harm to others, and psychotic symptoms in women with schizophrenia. METHODS: Self-report menarche age, onset of psychotic symptoms, and clinical status were collected in a sample of 108 premenopausal women with the diagnosis of schizophrenia. RESULTS: There was significant correlation between the age of menarche and the frequency of admissions (r=.321, p=.006). Also, patients with history of physical harms to others showed later age of menarche than those without (t=2.025, df= 106, p=.045). CONCLUSION: In women with schizophrenia, the age of onset of menarche affects subsequent courses indicated by frequency of admissions and violent behaviors. It is suggested that identifying the age of menarche might be helpful to predict the courses in women with schizophrenia. Further investigations regarding the relationship between estrogen and the courses of schizophrenia in women are needed.
Age of Onset ; Diagnosis ; Estrogens ; Female ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Menarche* ; Schizophrenia*

Precise and reliable identification of CNV is still important to fully understand the effect of CNV on genetic diversity and background of complex diseases. SNP marker has been used frequently to detect CNVs, but the analysis of SNP chip data for identifying CNV has not been well established. We compared various normalization methods for CNV analysis and suggest optimal normalization procedure for reliable CNV call. Four normal Koreans and NA10851 HapMap male samples were genotyped using Affymetrix Genome-Wide Human SNP array 5.0. We evaluated the effect of median and quantile normalization to find the optimal normalization for CNV detection based on SNP array data. We also explored the effect of Robust Multichip Average (RMA) background correction for each normalization process. In total, the following 4 combinations of normalization were tried: 1) Median normalization without RMA background correction, 2) Quantile normalization without RMA background correction, 3) Median normalization with RMA background correction, and 4) Quantile ormalization with RMA background correction. CNV was called using SW-ARRAY algorithm. We applied 4 different combinations of normalization and compared the effect using intensity ratio profile, box plot, and MA plot. When we applied median and quantile normalizations without RMA background correction, both methods showed similar normalization effect and the final CNV calls were also similar in terms of number and size. In both median and quantile normalizations, RMA background correction resulted in widening the range of intensity ratio distribution, which may suggest that RMA background correction may help to detect more CNVs compared to no correction.
Coat Protein Complex I ; Genetic Variation ; HapMap Project ; Humans ; Male

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of the methods of anesthesia on fetal acidemia following elective cesarean delivery among uncomplicated healthy parturients at term, with a single fetus and is to see the correlation of that results with maternal age, Apgar score. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The gestational age more than 37 weeks, singleton, estimated birth weight more than 2.5 kg with ultrasonographic profiles, 98 cases of uncomplicated parturients were included. Three methods of anesthesia - general, epidural, spinal - were chosen randomly. Umbilical artery blood samples just after delivery were obtained from a double clamped segment of cord using a 3 ml syringe that had been flushed with heparin, then transported in ice to the laboratory. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between the three anesthesia groups in regarding to maternal age, birth weight, and Apgar score. The incidence of fetal acidemia was more prevalent in the epidural anesthesia group than the others, and less in the general anesthesia group. No clinically pathologic neonatal outcome was happened even one case of pathologic fetal acidemia among the spinal anesthesia group. The average PO2 of umbilical artery was 19.7 mmHg, and there was no statistically significant difference between the three anesthesia groups. The average PCO2 of umbilical artery was statistically high in the epidural anesthesia group. CONCLUSION: This study shows that the fetal acidemia can occur in three methods of anesthesia. Because there is no difference between the three methods of anesthesia with regarding to 1-minute, 5-minute Apgar scores and there is no specific finding for postpartum follow up of 1month. In conclusion, any method of anesthesia can be used safely in the view of neonatal outcome for elective cesarean delivery.
Anesthesia* ; Anesthesia, Epidural ; Anesthesia, General ; Anesthesia, Spinal ; Apgar Score ; Birth Weight ; Fetus ; Follow-Up Studies ; Gestational Age ; Heparin ; Ice ; Incidence ; Maternal Age ; Postpartum Period ; Syringes ; Umbilical Arteries

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of the methods of anesthesia on fetal acidemia following elective cesarean delivery among uncomplicated healthy parturients at term, with a single fetus and is to see the correlation of that results with maternal age, Apgar score. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The gestational age more than 37 weeks, singleton, estimated birth weight more than 2.5 kg with ultrasonographic profiles, 98 cases of uncomplicated parturients were included. Three methods of anesthesia - general, epidural, spinal - were chosen randomly. Umbilical artery blood samples just after delivery were obtained from a double clamped segment of cord using a 3 ml syringe that had been flushed with heparin, then transported in ice to the laboratory. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between the three anesthesia groups in regarding to maternal age, birth weight, and Apgar score. The incidence of fetal acidemia was more prevalent in the epidural anesthesia group than the others, and less in the general anesthesia group. No clinically pathologic neonatal outcome was happened even one case of pathologic fetal acidemia among the spinal anesthesia group. The average PO2 of umbilical artery was 19.7 mmHg, and there was no statistically significant difference between the three anesthesia groups. The average PCO2 of umbilical artery was statistically high in the epidural anesthesia group. CONCLUSION: This study shows that the fetal acidemia can occur in three methods of anesthesia. Because there is no difference between the three methods of anesthesia with regarding to 1-minute, 5-minute Apgar scores and there is no specific finding for postpartum follow up of 1month. In conclusion, any method of anesthesia can be used safely in the view of neonatal outcome for elective cesarean delivery.
Anesthesia* ; Anesthesia, Epidural ; Anesthesia, General ; Anesthesia, Spinal ; Apgar Score ; Birth Weight ; Fetus ; Follow-Up Studies ; Gestational Age ; Heparin ; Ice ; Incidence ; Maternal Age ; Postpartum Period ; Syringes ; Umbilical Arteries