Bronchitis ; diagnosis ; Diagnostic Errors ; Humans ; Infant ; Male

Data is the basis and soul of clinical trials. To obtain accurate data, strict and standard data management is essential, which can be effectively supported by quality control in statistical analysis. In this paper, we briefly introduce the concept of the quality control in clinical trials, and describe its contents and methods. We hope that this work will be helpful to the application of statistical quality control in data management of clinical trials.
Clinical Trials as Topic ; standards ; Data Collection ; standards ; Quality Control ; Statistics as Topic

Objective To study characters of pathology associated with functional alteration of primary brainstem injury (PBI) at different injury severities in rabbits .Methods Animal model of graded PBI was produced using rabbits .Animals were di‐vided into five groups ,group Ⅰ to Ⅳ with an increase of impact power ,10 cases in each group ,and the control group with 5 cases . The pathology characters of PBI were investigated combining dissection observation with unaided eye ,tissue HE histochemical stai‐ning and electron microscope .Results Slight brainstem injury were observed in group Ⅰ ,and pathological results showed regional subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) ,stripping of regional cerebral pia mater ,a few petechial hemorrhage in surface ,nerve cell edema , normal medulla sheath and axon roughly .The brainstem injuries were apparent in group Ⅱ ,and the pathological changes indicated SAH in sheet ,petechial and sheeted hemorrhage in surface ,and slight swelling and vacuoles in nerve cells .The brainstem injuries were observed obviously in group Ⅲ ,exhibiting thick SAH ,petechial and sheeted hemorrhage in surface and inside ,degeneration of nerve cells ,abruption of axon ,and atrophy of axoplasm .Eight of ten animals died of respiratory depression induced by brainstem in‐jury in group Ⅳ ,presenting thick hemorrhage in subarachnoid surrounding brainstem ,the whole brainstem injured ,microscopically with multiple small hemorrhage ,nerve cells only residual nuclei ,myelin lamellar severe stratification and fracture ,and axonal tran‐section ,disintegration .No abnormal pathological changes were shown in control group .Conclusion The impacts to brainstem with higher powers lead to more manifest functional and more severe pathological changes ,with an alternation of injury location from surface to deep .

Objective To explore the correlation between hepatitis B virus large surface protein(HBV-LP)and hepatitis B virus deoxyribonucleic acid(HBV-DNA),analyze the clinical significance of detecting the two index dynamically for diagnosis and treatment of hepatitis B.Methods Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)and fluorescent quantitation polymerase chain reaction(FQ-PCR)were used to detect the levels of HBV-LP and HBV-DNA in serum specimen of 230 hepatitis B patients.Results There was a positive correlation between the content of HBV-LP and copy numbers of HBV-DNA in serum of hepatitis B positive cases(r=0.84,P＜0.01).The positive rate was 84.78％ in HBV-LP and 84.35％ in HBV-DNA of 230 HBV positive cases.As a result there was no significant difference(P＞0.05)in this study.Therefore,the positive rate was 63.63 ％(35/55)in HBV-LP and 58.18％(32/55)in HBV-DNA of 55 HBV negative cases.There was also no significant difference(P＞0.05)in this study.However,the positive rate of HBV-LP(82.47％)was higher than HBE(52.06％)in the 194 HBV-DNA positive cases.There was significantly different(P＜0.01).Conclusion HBV-LP and HBV-DNA are the significant index of the degree of hepatitis B virus replication in hepatitis B positive cases,especially in determining the virus replication and prognosis of treatment in HBe Ag negative,providing the reliable laboratory data for the clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Objective To assess the value of susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI)in the diagnosis of different cerebral diseases complicated with cerebral microbleeds (CVBs)and cerebral vascular malformations (CVMs).Methods The MRI data of 76 cases with CMBs and 25 cases with CVMs were retrospectively analyzed and the data were translated as follows:(1 )To compare the counts and detecting sensitivity of CMBs on routine MRI sequences (T1 WI,T2 WI,T2 FLAIR,DWI)with SWI.(2)To assess the difference of SWI,MIP and Phase in detecting the size,counts,intensity and edge features of CMBs.(3)To assess the advantages of SWI in the diagnosis of different CVMs.Results (1)In all 1 524 CMBs detected on SWI,294,87,361,391 CMBs were detected on T1 WI,T2 WI,T2 FLAIR and DWI respectively.The sensitivities were 19.3%,5.7%,23.7% and 5.7% on T1 WI,T2 WI,T2 FLAIR and DWI respectively.It was of statistical significance (P <0.05)in the counts and detecting sensitivity on different MRI sequences.(2) 1 524 and 1 539 CMBs were detected on SWI and MIP respectively.CMBs showed oval,dotted hypointensity or hypointensity domi-nated mixed intensity lesions which were ≤10 mm in size on SWI and MIP.1 521 CMBs were detected on Phase,which appeared as hyperintensity or hyperintensity dominated mixed intensity lesions.MIP and SWI were similar in detecting the size,counts and edge features of CMBs.And Phase was inferior compared with MIP and SWI .(3)12 cases of cerebral venous malformation were detec-ted,which all appeared as the classic Medusa head sign on SWI.6 cases of intracerebral capillary telangiectasia were detected , which were characterized as multiple small rounded even hypointense lesions ortarget signon SWI .2 cases of arteriovenous malformation (AVM)were detected on SWI,in which one case only showed multiple small vessels and gross drainage vein,and the other showed clear nidus and gross drainage veins into the sigmoid sinus.4 cases of cerebral cavernous angioma were detected.Mulberry sign, which was characterized as dotted mixed intensity lesion with hypointense ring,was noted in all the cases on SWI.One case of Sturge-Weber syndrome was detected,which showed gyriform low signal lesion on MIP imaging.And many broadened,tortuous veins in the cerebral hemispheres and near the tentorium were also noted.Conclusion SWI can be used as an important sequence for detecting CMBs.Different CVMs show their specific signs in SWI sequence.Combined with conventional MRI sequences an accurate diagnosis can be achieved most of the time.

In order to compensate for the deficiencies of current medical education, improve the comprehensive quality of medical students, the First Clinical College, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology took the lead in carrying out the health management practice of rela-tives and friends, and made a beneficial exploration of humanistic education for medical students. Relatives and friends were regarded as the specific practice objects, and by telephone and network at school, face-to-face communication during the vacation, medical students established, managed and track the health records of relatives and friends. The students could practice while learning, which made medical students, in im-proving the knowledge structure, enhance their emotional communication with friends and relatives, improve their doctor-patient communication ability, establish the concept of humanistic care, and cultivate their occupation moral respect for life and their dedication to medicine and the sense of responsibility and mission to the society. It provides a new strategy for medical humanities education.

Objective To analyze the ophthalmologic characteristics and examinations which caused by vertebral-basilar insuffi- ciency.Design Retrospective case series.Participants 469 eases of vertebral-basilar insufficiency.Methods Retrospective analysis of 469 cases of vertebral-basilar insufficiency patients with ophthalmologic signs' features,incidence,the main cause,color Doppler flow imaging and(or)digital subtraction angiography clearly stenosis location,the degree of stenosis from July 1st 2005 to July ist 2007 in PLA General Hospital.Main Outcome Measures Ophthalmologic signs' related reasons and supplementary examination.Results 96 cases were with the corresponding eye symptoms(20.4%).Vision decreased in 83 cases,diplopia was in 56 cases,ipsilateral hemiopia quadrant blind in 12 cases and depending on deformation in 10 cases,fundus arteriosclerosis in 72 cases,nystagmus in 39 cases,the eye movement disorder in 16 cases.Among 96 patients with associated ocular symptoms,75 patients with color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI)showed unilateral vertebral artery abnormal in 66 cases(88%),among those blood flow velocity decreased in 26 cases,17 cases with vascular plaque stenosis,thinning in 20 cases,3 cases with complete occlusion;different bilateral vertebral artery abnormal in 9 cases(12%),among those velocity dropped in 4 cases,two cases with vascular plaque stenosis and thinning in 3 cases.Forty-five cases with the digital subtraction angiography(DSA),left vertebral artery was abnormal in 24 cases,18 cases with stenosis,occlusion in 5 cas- es,abnormal bending in 1 case.Right vertebral artery was abnormal in 16 cases,13 cases with stenosis,occlusion in 3 cases.Bilateral vertebral artery stenosis was found in 2 cases;vertebral artery stenosis was in 3 patients.Conclusion Vertebral-basilar insufficiency may cause eye-related symptoms,therefore,vision acuity decrease,fundus 'arteriosclerosis,diplopia and nystagmus symptoms are more likely for patients with vertebral-patients with basilar artery insufficiency performance of the eye.(Ophthalmol CHN,2002,16:406-410)

Objective To discuss methods of decoration reconstruction for finger defect in emergency and to observe the elinical effects.Methods Of the 41 cases of finger injuries of different degrees,15 were repaired with part of the skin flaps of the big toenails or skin flaps of the second toenalis,8 were repaired with part of the skin flaps of the big toenails,7 were reeonstructed with the second tiptoes,11 were repaired with the abdominal skin flaps of the big toes or lateral flaps of the second toes.Results All the 41 fingers sur- vived.One skin flap of the big toe was somewhat swelling and a decorating operation was performed.The 4～18 months of follow-up visitation of the rest cases revealed good function and shapes.No obvious functional ab- norality was found in the donating feet.Conclusion Various kinds of decoration reeonstruetion for finger defects are available to recover the hand shape and function as much as possible.

Aim To establish a model of the vascular endothelial cell (VEC) injury in SDrats.Methods SD rats were randomly divided into the control and the modelgroups. The model rats were injected with adrenaline diluted to 2. 5 times 0. 05 mg?100 g-1 (tid) for 5 d continously. From the 4th d, they were irritated for 5 min in the0℃ cold-water in the middle between adrenaline injections.The control rats weregiven 0. 9% NS as above. At 6th d, blood samples were taken from carotid arteries ofthe rats and the CEC counts, t - PA、PAI activities, 6-keto-PGF1? concentrations andthe platelet aggregation rate(max) were detected respectively. Results In the modelgroup, as compared with those in the control group, t - PA activity and 6-keto-PGF1?concentration decreased significantly(P

To study the chemical constituents of Nervilia fordii (Hance) Schltr., various chromatographic methods were used, including D101 macroporous resin, silica gel, ODS and preparative HPLC chromatographic techniques. A new labdane diterpenoid glycoside named as nervilifordoside A was isolated from 60% EtOH extract of Nerviliafordii. The structure of compound 1 was elucidated as 12, 17-epoxy-3-hydroxy-17-methoxy-labdan-13-en-16, 15-olide 3-O-alpha-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 --> 2)-O-beta-glucopyranoside on the basis of HR-MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data as well as chemical methods.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Molecular Structure ; Orchidaceae ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry