AIM: To observe the structure changes of vitreous and retina after YAG laser ablation in patients with physiological vitreous floaters.METHODS: The selected 40 patients of physiological vitreous floaters,before YAG laser ablation,were checked for best corrected visual acuity,non-contact intraocular pressure,took their anterior segment photos,measured their foveola thickness(FT) and retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL) by OCT.The YAG laser ablation was completed by one experienced surgeon.After the YAG laser ablation,all patients were checked for non-contact intraocular pressure and gave pranoprofen eye drops tid for 3d.At 2d,1wk,1 and 3mo after the surgery,they were reviewed for best corrected visual acuity,non-contact intraocular pressure.At 3mo later anterior segment photos were taken.At 1wk,1 and 3mo after the surgery,FT and RNFL were measured again.RESULTS: The postoperative 2d,1wk,1 and 3mo,best corrected visual acuity,non-contact intraocular pressure of the patients had no significant difference with preoperative(P>0.05).The preoperative anterior segment photos showed obvious single or sheet opacity of vitreous,the postoperative 3mo photos showed that vitreous opacities decreased or disappeared,no other abnormal changes were found.The preoperative OCT data showed that FT was 214.60±9.35μm,the postoperative 1wk,1 and 3mo FT were 213.75±9.07μm,213.40±8.83μm,213.85±9.22μm.The preoperative RNFL were upper 130.26±14.23μm,lower 133.15±14.46μm,nasal 82.48±13.50μm,temporal 75.40±11.89μm;The postoperative 1wk RNFL were upper 130.02±14.02μm,lower 132.99±14.05μm,nasal 82.35±13.07μm,temporal 75.42±11.66μm.The postoperative 1mo RNFL were upper 130.28±14.43μm,lower 133.08±13.99μm,nasal 82.31±13.72μm,temporal 75.45±12.03μm.The postoperative 3mo RNFL were upper 130.43±14.30μm,lower 133.22±14.20μm,nasal 82.27±13.11μm,temporal 75.46±11.91μm.The differences of preoperative and postoperative 1wk,1 and 3mo FT and RNFL had no statistical significance (P>0.05).CONCLUSION: YAG laser ablation has no adverse effects to vitreous and retinal structure in patients with physiological vitreous floaters,it is effective and safe.

To investigate the status of visual disability population in Yuzhong district of Chongqing, in order to provide a counter measure for improving their quality of life.METHODS:The data of visual disability population was analyzed, which was registered in federation of the disabled of Yuzhong district of Chongqing from January 21, 2009 to July 17, 2013, collected the information of their gender and age constituent ratio, visual disability level differences, and the differences of their disability pathogeny.RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the total numbers of male and female visual disability, and before the age of 60, the number of male was more than female, but after 60, it was opposite. The grade four of visual disability accounted for the largest proportion, followed by a level of grade one, two, and three. The main causes of visual disability in proper order were:ametropia ( high myopia) , retina and pigment membrane disease, ocular trauma, optic nerve disease, glaucoma, corneal disease, congenital anomaly or eccyliosis, cataract, amblyopia, agnogenic, methysis, trachoma, and the others ( hyperpyrexia) .CONCLUSlON: The diagnosis and treatment of juvenile in Yuzhong district must be strengthened, also include retina and pigment membrane disease, to reduce the visual disability caused by these diseases.

Objective A recent study has shown the association between a sulfonylurea receptor gene 1 (SUR1) variant and hyperinsulinemia in normal individuals from a high diabetes risk ethnic group,supporting the hypothesis that the primary insulin hypersecretion may be an antecedent of type 2 diabetes.Methods To test this hypothesis in Chinese population,we studied the allele and genotype distribution of the polymorphism at -3 position of intron 24 in SUR1 by PCR RFLP technique in 206 unrelated normal glucose tolerant subjects with strong family history of type 2 diabetes (group A) and 110 normal individuals without family history of diabetes (group B).Results The frequency of “-3c” allele and “-3cc” genotype of intron 24 in group A was significantly higher than that in group B (64% vs 54%, P =0 004 and 38% vs 24%, P =0.002 respectively).Moreover,in group A, those carrying “cc” genetype had a higher BMI (27 27?6 37 vs 24.99?3.43kg/m 2, P

Objective　A recent study has shown the association between a sulfonylurea receptor gene-1 (SUR1) variant and hyperinsulinemia in normal individuals from a high diabetes risk ethnic group,supporting the hypothesis that the primary insulin hypersecretion may be an antecedent of type 2 diabetes.Methods　To test this hypothesis in Chinese population,we studied the allele and genotype distribution of the polymorphism at -3 position of intron 24 in SUR1 by PCR-RFLP technique in 206 unrelated normal glucose tolerant subjects with strong family history of type 2 diabetes (group A) and 110 normal individuals without family history of diabetes (group B).Results　The frequency of “-3c” allele and “-3cc” genotype of intron 24 in group A was significantly higher than that in group B (64% vs 54%，P=0.004 and 38% vs 24%，P=0.002 respectively).Moreover,in group A, those carrying “cc” genetype had a higher BMI (27.27±6.37 vs 24.99±3.43kg/m2，P＜0.05；27.27±6.37 vs 25.28±2.78kg/m2，P＜0.05),fasting insulin (15.52±10.72 vs 9.27±5.03U/ml,P＜0.01；15.52±10.72 vs 10.79±7.80U/ml,P＜0.05) and 2h insulin levels (76.41±54.02 vs 55.43±49.60U/ml,P＜0.01；76.41±54.02 vs 55.71±40.39, P＜0.05) as well as lower insulin sensitivity ［HOMA(Ri］: 4.00±3.09 vs 2.79±1.32, P＜0.01； 4.00±3.09 vs 2.82±2.94, P＜0.01) as compared with that in carriers of other genotypes (“ct” and “tt”).Conclusion　This study suggested the possibility that the defect in SUR1 gene might contribute to the insulin hypersecretion which might be the cause of subsequent increased body weight and decreased insulin sensitivity.

Objective To evaluate the effect of early-phase insulin secretion and insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, and to analysis the risk factors of glucose tolerance deterioration. Methods Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed in subjects over 30 years old coming from 78 families with type 2 diabetes. A total of 118 subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) [fasting plasma glucose (FPG)<6.1 mmol/L and 2h postprandial glucose (2hPG)<7.8 mmol/L] were enrolled. Another OGTT was performed in them to define the glucose tolerance status at the end of the 4-7 years follow-up. AINS30/APG30, the ratio of the increment of insulin to that of plasma glucose at 30 min after the glucose load, was used to assess the early phase insulin secretion. HOMA-IR and HOMA-β were calculated to assess the insulin resistance and β-cell function respectively. Results After 4-7 years follow-up, 66 of 118 subjects still remained NGT, while 52 became either diabetic (n=11)or pre-diabetic (n=41). Using the median of HOMA-IR and AINS30/APG30 as the cutoff points, all subjects were divided into four groups: subjects with good early phase insulin secretion and no insulin resistance, subjects with good early insulin secretion but relative insulin resistance, subjects with impaired early phase insulin secretion but no insulin resistance, subjects with impaired early phase insulin secretion and also relative insulin resistance. The incidences of abnormal glucose tolerance among these four groups were 23.1%, 36.4%, 45.5% and 73.1% respectively. There was a statistical difference between the former three groups and the last one (P<0.05). Log/st/c regression analysis showed that only the early phase insulin secretion was the risk factor of glucose tolerance deterioration, while age, gender, insulin resistance or β-cell function were not. Conclusion Impaired early phase insulin secretion is a major risk factor for the disturbance of glucose metabolism in the population with NGT.

This paper presents a rapid searching algorithm for dose calculation based on the region growing algorithm. Using this algorithm, we can automatically and rapidly search out the dose computational region for the gamma knife, so as to reduce the computational time, and space complexity.
Algorithms ; Radiometry ; methods ; Radiotherapy Dosage ; Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted ; methods ; Robotics ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Objective To investigate the technical requirements for the 3.0T multi-modal quantitative MR imaging of the rabbit liver.Methods A total of 8 rabbits were scanned and T1 mapping,T2 mapping,MT and Gd EOB-DTPA dynamic enhancement images were acquired.For the dynamic enhanced scanning,injecting contrast medium was followed by saline flush with different combinations of injection flow rate (1.5 mL/s and 2 mL/s) and injection volume(6 mL and 8 mL).The quality of the images was assessed and analyzed statistically.Results The total scanning time was about 20-25 min.High-quality images were acquired by T1 mapping,T2 mapping and MT sequences.There was no significant difference in image quality among different groups in Gd-EOB-DTPA dynamic enhanced scanning(P＞0.05).Two rabbits died when the combination of injection flow rate of 2 mL/s and injection volume of 8 mL was used.Conclusion 3.0 T multi-modal quantitative MR scanning of rabbit liver can be achieved successfully if scanning parameters are properly chosen.

BACKGROUNDPrevious studies suggested that zinc level was related to a certain diabetic microvascular complication. However, the relationship between zinc level and all the microvascular complications in type 2 diabetic patients remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between zinc level and each diabetic microvascular complication and identify the features related to low serum zinc level.

METHODSWe included the hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) at our department from May 30, 2013 to March 31, 2014. We initially compared the serum zinc levels between patients with specific microvascular complications and those without. We then analyzed the association between zinc level and each microvascular complication. Furthermore, we identified the unique features of patients with high and low serum zinc levels and analyzed the risk factors related to low zinc level.

RESULTSThe 412 patients included 271 with microvascular complications and 141 without any microvascular complications. Serum zinc level was significantly lower in patients with diabetic retinopathy (P < 0.001), diabetic nephropathy (DN, P < 0.001), or diabetic peripheral neuropathy (P = 0.002) compared with patients without that specific complication. Lower zinc level was an independent risk factor for DN (odds ratio = 0.869, 95% confidence interval = 0.765-0.987, P < 0.05). The subjects with lower serum zinc level had manifested a longer duration of diabetes, higher level of hemoglobin A1c, higher prevalence of hypertension and microvascular complications, and lower fasting and 2-h C-peptide levels.

CONCLUSIONSLower serum zinc level in T2D patients was related to higher prevalence of diabetic microvascular complications, and represented as an independent risk factor for DN. Patients with lower zinc level were more likely to have a longer duration of diabetes, poorer glucose control, and worse β-cell function.

Adult ; Aged ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; blood ; complications ; Diabetic Nephropathies ; blood ; etiology ; Diabetic Neuropathies ; blood ; etiology ; Diabetic Retinopathy ; blood ; etiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Risk Factors ; Zinc ; blood

The present study investigated whether a co-application of tramadol (TRA) and dihydroetorphine (DHE) would exert a synergy in analgesic effect and delay acute tolerance development. Intraperitoneal injection of TRA (in mg) and subcutaneous injection of DHE (in ng) were delivered in fixed proportions (1:6.25, 1:12.5, 1:25, 1:50, 1:100, and 1:200). The effect of analgesia was accessed by tail-flick test and analyzed with isobolographic analysis. For test of acute tolerance, six successive injections of either TRA (20 mg/kg) alone, DHE (1 000 ng/kg) alone, or a combination of TRA (20 mg/kg) and DHE (250 ng/kg) were administered. We found that (1) except for 1 mg : 6.25 ng and 1 mg : 50 ng, combinations, all the other ratios produced a significant synergy in their analgesic effect; (2) the effect of analgesia induced by repeated TRA plus DHE injections lasted significantly longer, indicating a slower onset of acute tolerance. These results indicate that TRA and DHE injections in certain dose ratios can induce synergistic analgesia, which is resistant against the development of acute tolerance.
Analgesics, Opioid ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Drug Synergism ; Drug Tolerance ; physiology ; Etorphine ; administration & dosage ; analogs & derivatives ; pharmacology ; Female ; Male ; Pain ; drug therapy ; physiopathology ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Tramadol ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology

There is a contradiction between image denoising and protection of the useful information in the image. To deal with this contradiction, we use the approach of mathematical morphology. In this paper, we expound the method and effectivity of mathmatical morphology in image processing. Based on it, an improved and fast image denoising algorithm is proposed and some experiments have been made to show that this algorithm is simple, effective and feasible.
Algorithms ; Artifacts ; Humans ; Image Enhancement ; methods ; Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted ; methods ; Models, Statistical ; Reproducibility of Results