Objective The aim of this study was to establish a rat model of blood hypercoagulable state by intra?venous injection of thrombin and to provide a model for researches on hypercoagulable state. Methods Rats were divided into six groups and were injected with normal saline and 2?5, 5, 10, 20, 40 U/kg thrombin solution through the femoral vein, respectively. Then, blood was drawn to test the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time ( PT) and fibrinogen ( FIB) , and to observe the death rate of rats in these groups to verify the optimal dosage. On this ba?sis, rats were injected thrombin of the best dose through the femoral vein, and blood samples were collected at 0, 10, 30, 60, 120, 180, 300 (s) to test APTT and PT and FIB for determining the best time for blood sampling. At last, the rats were divided into control group and thrombin group to inject normal saline or thrombin solution in the best dose via the fem?oral vein, and blood was taken at the best time to test APTT, PT, FIB and whole blood viscosity. Results APTT and PT values of the 10 U/kg thrombin group were the shortest, and FIB value of this group was the highest among these groups. APTT and PT values of blood sample collected at about 60 s after thrombin injection were the shortest, and FIB value was the highest. Compared with the control group, PT and APTT values of the thrombin group were shorter (P<0?05), and blood viscosity and FIB were higher ( P<0?05 ) . Conclusions Injecting thrombin solution into the femoral vein can be used to establish a rat model of hypercoagulable state. The best dose of thrombin solution is 10 U/kg in a concentration of 2 U/mL. The best time to collect blood sample is 60 s.

Objective:To investigate whether the omental-adipose stromal cells (O-ASCs) exposing to gastric cancer-conditioned medi-um (CM) could be inducted to differentiate into carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and the effect of ERK signaling pathway in the process. Methods: We identified O-ASCs by examining their ability to differentiate osteogenic and adipogenic lineages and through flow cytometry. O-ASCs were co-cultured with MGC803 and SGC7901CM. The expression of CAFs markers (α-SMA, FSP-1, and vimentin) and paracrine factors (VEGFA, TGF-β1, FAP, and SDF-1) were evaluated by RT-PCR and Western blot. In vitro cultures of O-ASCs were divided into three groups:the control, SGC7901-CM, and SGC7901-CM+U0126 groups. Cells were collected after 12 h. West-ern blot was performed to evaluate the expression ofα-SMA, FSP-1, ERK, and p-ERK1/2. Results:The primary cells were O-ASCs. The expression levels of CAFs markers (α-SMA, FSP-1, and vimentin) and O-ASC paracrine factors (VEGFA, TGF-β1, FAP, and SDF-1) clearly in-creased (P<0.05). In comparison with the control, the expression of ERK in SGC7901-CM group did not change (P>0.05), while the ex-pression of p-ERK1/2,α-SMA, and FSP-1 significantly improved (P<0.05). Comparison of SGC 7901-CM+U0126 and SGC 7901-CM groups showed that the expression levels of ERK had no statistical difference (P>0.05), while the expression levels of p-ERK1/2,α-SMA, and FSP-1 decreased (P<0.05). Conclusion:O-ASCs participate in the peritoneal metastasis of gastric cancer through differentiation by CAF and paracrine factors. The ERK signaling pathway is important in the differentiation of O-ASCs towards CAFs.

The response rules of pressing pain on the back section in the Governor Vessel in patients with gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) were studied to provide references for the diagnosis and treatment of GERD. Seventy-six cases of GERD were included into an observation group while 30 healthy volunteers were recruited into a control group. A mechanical measurement device of pressing pain that could measure the pain threshold was adapted to observe the pressing pain on the back section in the Governor Vessel in GERD patients and healthy volunteers. The test area is from spinous process of the 1st thoracic vertebra to that of the 12th thoracic vertebra (T1 -T12), including acupoints and non-acupoints on the Governor Vessel. As a result, in the observation group the pain threshold of T5-T7 spinous process clearance, which was the location of Shendao (GV 11), Lingtai (GV 10) and Zhiyang (GV 9), was lower than that in the control group (all P < 0.05). This result indicated that there was significant pressing pain in T5-T7 spinous process clearance in patients with GERD, which could be taken as an important auxiliary diagnosis and a new thinking method in the treatment of GERD with acupuncture.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Gastroesophageal Reflux ; diagnosis ; physiopathology ; Humans ; Male ; Meridians ; Middle Aged ; Pressure ; Sensation ; Thoracic Vertebrae ; physiopathology ; Young Adult

To study the molecular characteristics of Noroviruses causing outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in Huzhou. During April 2008 and February 2009, fecal specimens of patients collected from 2 outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis were tested for Norovirus by real-time RT-PCR. Partial sequence of RNA dependent RNA polymerase(RdRp) of the positive samples were amplified by RT-PCR, the PCR products were then purified, sequenced and phylogenetic analysis was conducted. Both genogroup II (GII) and genogroup I (GI) noroviruses were detected in 2 outbreaks. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that two of the GI norovirus strains isolated from 2008 belonged to genotype GI/2 and one of the GI Norovirus strain isolated from 2009 belonged to genotype GI/3. The other GIIú norovirus strains isolated from 2009 had high nucleotide identity with GIIb genotype that had been reported frequently in European countries during 2000 and 2001 and in Asian countries recently. These results suggested that the epidemic strains of norovirus isolated in Huzhou had a high degree of genetic diversity and prevalent genotypes at different times were also different. To our knowledge this is the first report of detecting GIIb variant in outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in China.
Acute Disease ; Caliciviridae Infections ; epidemiology ; virology ; China ; epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Feces ; virology ; Gastroenteritis ; epidemiology ; virology ; Genotype ; Humans ; Norovirus ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Viral ; genetics ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid

OBJECTIVETo assess the feasibility and the significance of surgical resection of small intrahepatic lesions adjacent to the major vasculature.

METHODSThe results of treatment were retrospectively reviewed in 40 patients who received operation for intrahepatic lesions less than 3 cm in diameter between Jan. 2003 and Dec. 2005. The lesions were all adjacent to the major vasculature in the liver.

RESULTSIn the 40 patients, a total of 44 small intrahepatic lesions were successfully resected with minimal morbidity and blood loss (mean 163 ml). A second lesion was found in 4 patients (10%) during intraoperative exploration. Histologically the lesion was malignant in 29 cases (including 4 cases with two lesions) and benign in 11 cases, with correct preoperative diagnosis in 62.5% of all cases. For 26 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, the 1-, 2-, and 3-year postoperative survival rates were 90.1%, 83.2% and 64.7%, respectively, while the patients with benign lesions were cured with the operation.

CONCLUSIONSSurgical resection of small intrahepatic lesions adjacent to the major vasculature is demanding but feasible and with satisfying effect. The significance of surgical management of these small lesions is not only excising the lesions but also making definite diagnosis and finding new lesions in some patients.

Adult ; Aged ; Blood Vessels ; pathology ; Feasibility Studies ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hepatectomy ; Humans ; Liver ; blood supply ; pathology ; surgery ; Liver Neoplasms ; pathology ; surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies

Objective: To investigate the changes of myo cardial contractile function during myocardial stunning in calcium overload rats and the protective effects of tetrandrine. Methods: Forty-six rats were randomized into control, myocardial ischemia, myocardial stunning, low and high dose of tetrandrine groups. Another 10 rats were used to identify the calcium overload. vitamin D3 (0.3 million Unit/kg) and nicotinic acid were adm inistered. After 16 d when calcium overload occured, left anterior descending ar tery was ligated. Twenty minutes of myocardial ischemia followed by 60 min of re perfusion was induced. The contractile function parameters were determined dynam ically. At the end of experiment, myocardial cytosolic ［Ca2+］i was deter mined in various groups. In tetrandrine groups, tetrandrine (62.2 or 93.6 μmol/ kg ) was administered by gastrogavage daily.After 16 d, the rats undergone the e xperiments mentioned above. Results: Sixteen days after vitamin D3 , nicotinic acid were given, ［Ca2+］i increased by 2.6 folds (146.8±10.8 ) vs (368.5±22.6) nmol/L, (P<0.01). Whereas, ［Ca2+］i in tetrand rine groups were (210.8±16.4) and (198.6±15.3) nmol/L, which were significantl y lower than that of calcium overload group. Twenty minutes of myocardial ische mia resulted in the decrease of dp/dtmax and Vmax in all groups with the most si gnificant in stunning and calcium overload groups. The contractile function rest ored gradually after reperfusion. At all time points, dp/dtmax and Vmax in both tetrandrine groups were higher than those in both stunning and calcium overload groups. And effect with higher dose of tetrandrine were more significant than in low dose of tetrandrine. After 60 min of reperfusion, dp/dtmax in stunning, cal cium overload, low and high dose of tetrandrine groups were 49.7%, 51.5%, 71.0% and 83.4% of that in control, respectively， and Vmax were 55.0%, 49.8%, 73.9% and 77.5% of that in control, respectively. Conclusion: T he myocardial contractile function in vitamin D3-induced calcium overload gro up is impaired. On basis of myocardiocyte calcium overload, transient ischemia l eads to myocardial stunning. At the stage of ischemia, the impaired degree of my ocardial contractile function is similar to that in stunning group, suggesting a t this stage the effect of ischemia on myocardial function is greater than that of calcium overload. Tetrandrine chronically improves the myocardial function in Vitamin D3-induced calcium overload rats.

OBJECTIVETo study the levels of prevalence and to describe the epidemiological features of birth defects in high-prevalence areas in China.

METHODSA population-based retrospective study was conducted in two counties of Shanxi province that including birth defects among fetuses and live births born after 20 weeks' gestational age in the study areas from 2002 through 2004.

RESULTSDuring 2002 - 2004, the prevalence of birth defects was 844.2 per 10 000 births in study areas and the first five main birth defects were inguinal hernia (182.2 per 10,000 births), anencephaly (104.4 per 10 000 births), congenital mental retardation (79.4 per 10,000 births), congenital heart diseases (73.2 per 10,000 births) and spina bifida (63.9 per 10,000 births). These five main birth defects accounted for about 60% of total birth defect cases. Inguinal hernia, undescended testicle, congenital mental retardation were usually not included for statistical analysis on birth defect. Excluding these birth defects, the prevalence of birth defects in study areas was 537.2 per 10,000 births and the first five main birth defects were anencephaly, congenital heart diseases, spina bifida, hydrocephaly (40.5 per 10 000 births) and encephalocele (31.2 per 10 000 births). The male prevalence of birth defects was 966.2 per 10 000 births, which was significantly higher than prevalence in females. The prevalence rates of birth defects for maternal age groups under 20 years old and over 30 years old were remarkably higher than those for 20-24 year and 25-29 year old mothers. The teenage mothers were at higher risk of having a child with neural tube defects(NTDs) or congenital heart diseases. Prevalence rates under 20 year maternal age group were 408.8 and 188.7 per 10 000 births for NTDs and congenital heart diseases respectively, whereas corresponding rates were 204.8 and 91.0 per 10 000 births for groups over 30 years of age. The prevalence rates increased with increasing gravidity or parity.

CONCLUSIONThis study showed that the patterns of birth defects in study areas were very different from those of other areas, with an unusually high prevalence of NTDs. The study also suggested that both young and advanced mothers were at increased risk of having a child with a birth defect.

Adolescent ; Adult ; China ; epidemiology ; Congenital Abnormalities ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Maternal Age ; Pregnancy ; Prenatal Diagnosis ; Prevalence ; Retrospective Studies ; Young Adult

Aged ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertriglyceridemia ; blood ; epidemiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence ; Uric Acid ; blood

OBJECTIVETo investigate the incidence and causes of neurologic deficits complications in the treatment of spinal deformity with posterior spinal osteotomy.

METHODSFrom January 2007 to December 2010, 321 cases of scoliosis or kyphosis patients were treated with posterior spinal osteotomy. There were 124 male and 197 female with an average age of (19 ± 11) years (2 - 56 years). The average preoperative main Cobb angle was 108° ± 33° (48° - 175°), the average kyphotic angle was 74° ± 29° (53° - 170°) before operation. Pedicle subtraction osteotomy was used in 226 cases, 95 cases with vertebral column resection. Pedicle screw-rod system was used for fixation. The patients were monitored by Somatosensory-evoked potentials monitoring and Stagnara wake-up test.

RESULTSThere were 11 cases with varying degrees of new neurologic deficits and the total incidence was 3.4%. The causes were as followed, spinal translation in 2 cases, compromised by close of resected areas in 2 cases, residual bone compression in 1 case, inadvertent operation in 2 cases, screw malposition in 1 case, hematoma compression in 1 case and spine elongation in 2 cases. There was significant difference between the patients with preexisting neurologic deficits (20.0%) and the patients with intact neurologic function (2.6%) (χ(2) = 13.060, P = 0.011), no significant differences in different classes of the age, etiology, deformity, osteotomy type and surgical type (P > 0.05). But the incidence of neurologic deficits was 4.6% in congenital scoliosis, 7.1% in neuromuscular scoliosis, 5.1% in kyphosis, 5.9% in adult deformity and 5.9% in Cobb angle more than 100°, which was higher than other classes. All the 11 cases were given emergent Methylprednisolone, neurotrophic drugs and hyperbaric oxygen therapy, 4 cases were underwent surgical exploration again. After treatment, 7 cases recovered completely, 2 cases recovered partially and 2 cases failed to improve at the last follow-up.

CONCLUSIONSSevere spinal deformity could be effectively treated with posterior spinal osteotomy. But the procedure is technical demanding and risky for neurologic deficits. The high risk factor is preexisting neurologic deficits.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Kyphosis ; surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nervous System Diseases ; etiology ; Osteotomy ; adverse effects ; methods ; Postoperative Complications ; etiology ; Retrospective Studies ; Scoliosis ; surgery ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo investigate the expression of integrin-linked kinase (ILK) in kidneys of mice with unilateral ureteral obstruction and its relevance with the epithelial-mesenchymal transition.

METHODSMice were randomly divided into two groups, sham operation (C, n = 20) and unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO, n = 40). The animals were sacrificed at day 1, 3, 7 and 14 respectively after the surgery. Tubulointerstitial fibrosis (TIF) was graded according to Masson staining. The protein level of ILK was examined by Western blot. Tissue/cytological expression for ILK, alpha-SMA and E-cadherin were investigated by immunohistochemistry. The mRNA levels of ILK, alpha-SMA and E-cadherin were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR.

RESULTSIn the control animals (group C), weak staining for ILK was detected mainly in the podocytes. Significant increase of staining for ILK in the experimental mice (UUO group) was detected from day 1 onward (t = 16.5, P < 0.01), reaching the peak at day 7. The protein expression of E-cadherin was continuously down-regulated from day 3 onward after surgery (t = 21.0, P < 0.01), while expression for alpha-SMA was up-regulated. From day 1 to day 7, the protein expression of ILK was positively correlated with alpha-SMA (R = 0.88, P < 0.01), but negatively correlated with E-cadherin (R = -0.87, P < 0.01). The mRNA expression of ILK and alpha-SMA analyzed by real-time PCR increased from postoperative day 1 and 3 respectively, but the mRNA expression of E-cadherin decreased from day 3 onward.

CONCLUSIONIncreasing expression of ILK occurs in the early phase of UUO mouse and may play an important role in the process of TIF through mediating the epithelial-mesenchymal transition.

Actins ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Animals ; Blotting, Western ; Cadherins ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Epithelial Cells ; metabolism ; pathology ; Fibrosis ; Immunohistochemistry ; Kidney Tubules ; metabolism ; pathology ; Male ; Mesoderm ; metabolism ; pathology ; Mice ; Muscle, Smooth ; chemistry ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; metabolism ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Ureteral Obstruction ; genetics ; metabolism ; pathology