PURPOSE: This study was designed to define normal values for a nongeometric MPI in children and evaluate the utility of m%cardial performance index(MPI) in congenital heart disease with distorted ventricular geometry. METHODS: The study population consisted of 44 normal patients and 28 patients with atrial septal defect(ASD) with dilated right ventricle and paradoxical septal motion. Right ventricular(RV) and left ventricular(LV) isovolumic contraction time, isovolumic relaxation time, ejection time, ejection fraction and pre-ejection period/ejection time(PEP/ET) were measured using conventional echo- Doppler methods. The MPI measures the ratio of total time spent in isovolumic activity(isovolumic contraction time and isovolumic relaxation time) to ejection time. RESULTS: In normal children, the RV MPI was 0.33+/-0.09 and the LV MPI was 0.36+/-0.04. In the ASD group, LV function seemed grossly normal but LV EF was significantly lower than normal children(57+/-3% vs 67+/-4%, P<0.05), but both LV and RV MPI had no statistically significant difference. After correction of ASD, RV MPI was increased and LV EF(57+/-3% vs 64+/-3%, P<0.05) as wll as the RV PEP/ET(0.27+/-0.05 vs 0.38+/-0.06, P<0.05) were significantly greater than the normal or the preoperation group. CONCLUSION: Components of the MPI are easily measured with conventional Doppler technique using standard echocardiographic examination. These results suggest that the MPI is useful as a means of quantitative assessment of ventricular performance in patients with complex ventricular geometry, particularly RV.
Child ; Echocardiography ; Heart Defects, Congenital ; Heart Septal Defects, Atrial* ; Heart Ventricles ; Humans ; Reference Values ; Relaxation ; Ventricular Function*

BACKGROUND: Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is categorized into sympathetically maintained pain (SMP) and sympathetically independent pain (SIP). Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is a promising approach in the treatment of severely disabling CRPS. Patients with good responses to sympathetic block before SCS are more likely to have positive responses to SCS than those with negative responses. This study compared the effects of SCS in patients with CRPS, of SMP and SIP categories. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of 16 patients (SMP 8, SIP 8) with CRPS who had undergone trials of SCS. Eleven of the patients had permanent SCS device implants, and the pain relief levels at 1 and 6 months were recorded. RESULTS: Sixteen patients with severe, incapacitating, and therapy-resistant CRPS underwent SCS trials. Five patients (SMP 3, SIP 2) had poor pain relief during the trial despite adequate coverage. The remaining 11 patients (SMP 5, SIP 6) had permanent electrode implantation performed under local anesthesia and experienced good pain relief. The difference in VAS reduction was not significant between the two groups at the 1-month follow-up (P = 0.325) and the 6-month follow-up (P = 0.779). CONCLUSIONS: There were no statistically significant differences in VAS pain scores between the two groups. The favorable outcome in all 11 patients with only minor remaining symptoms or without remaining symptoms or severe recurrences suggests that SCS is an efficient treatment in SMP and SIP.
Anesthesia, Local ; Electrodes ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Spinal Cord ; Spinal Cord Stimulation

PURPOSE: We performed the study to evaluate the risk factors associated with cardiac complication and the outcome of coronary lesions after high-dose (2g/kg, 1dose) gammaglobulin (IVIG) treatment in patients with Kawasaki disease (KD). METHODS: Retrospective studies were performed on 338 cases of KD treated with high-dose IVIG at this hospital from May 1994 to March 1999. RESULTS: Among 338 patients, fever was persistent for 8.09+/-3.45 days in all patients and after IVIG infusion, fever subsided in 26.5+/-26.4 hours. Forty-five patients (13.3%) with abnormal baseline echocardiogram remained febrile for 9.09+/-4.09 days, significantly longer than normal baseline echocardiogram group. There was no significant differences in age, sex and other clinical findings. In 7 patients (2.1%) usage of medications above 12 months were needed. Eleven cases(3.3%) with persistent fever after their first course of IVIG therapy became afebrile post-second course of IVIG in 5 of the 11 cases with cardiac complication and in 1 case with recurrence. Twelve (male 11, female 1) of the 338 cases recurred after 8.45+/-4.39 months. Three of those 12 cases had cardiac complication. CONCLUSION: The overall prevalence of persistent coronary abnormalities in KD patients treated with high-dose IVIG and aspirin remains low. Even if patients had cardiac complication, they improved later.
Aspirin ; Female ; Fever ; Humans ; Immunoglobulins, Intravenous ; Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome* ; Prevalence ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors

Castleman's disease was first described in 1956 in a group of patients with localized mediastinal lymph node enlargement characterized by hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles and marked capillary proliferation with endothelial hyperplasia. They have been divided into 2 histologic types: the hyaline-vascular type, which was more common and usually asymptomatic, was characterized by small hyaline-vascular follicles and interfollicular capillary proliferation; the plasma-cell type was characterized by large follicles with intervening sheets of plasma cells. Systemic manifestations, such as fever, anemia and hyperglobulinemia, were frequently associated with the plasma cell type. Localized lesions have behaved in a benign fashion, and complete surgical excision has been curative. But recent years, reports have described a multicentric variety with severe systemic manifestations, exorable clinical course and poor outcome. Although Castleman's disease has been described at all ages, the disease is rare in childhood. This paper describes a case of plasma cell type Castleman's disease in a 12-year-old boy and review of the literature. We conclude that the Castleman's disease must be considered in childhood lymphadenopathy and the clinicians should be mindful of the malignant potential of the disease and their possible multicentricity. Appropriate treatment plan, close follow-up and periodic surveillance are necessary.
Anemia ; Capillaries ; Child ; Fever ; Follow-Up Studies ; Giant Lymph Node Hyperplasia* ; Humans ; Hyperplasia ; Lymph Nodes ; Lymphatic Diseases ; Male ; Plasma Cells* ; Plasma*

Remote ischemic preconditioning (IP), brief tolerating cycles of ischemia and reperfusion in remote non-vital organs, can reduce ischemic injury of the heart. IP induces cardiac protection by down-regulating iNOS or up-regulating eNOS. In addition, Akt has been known to protect myocardium against ischemia-reperfusion injury. This study was undertaken to observe the expression of iNOS, eNOS, Akt and phospho-Akt (p-Akt) in the rat myocardium after IP. Thirty-five weeks-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control and IP groups. The IP group was further subdivided into 3 groups based on the number of cycles of IP. For IP, left commom iliac artery was occluded 3, 6 and 10 cycles for 5 min of ischemia alternating with 5 min of reperfusion. The rat were sacrificed at 0, 3, 6, 24 and 72 hours of IP and the heart was removed. The expression of iNOS, eNOS, Akt and p-Akt in the rat myocardium was examined by immunohistochemical staining and Western blot analysis. The expression of iNOS was increased by IP and was higher in 10IP groups than 3IP and 6IP group. The expression of eNOS was increased or decreased by IP and was showed no difference with increasing episode of IP. The expression of Akt was decreased by IP at 24 and 72 hours after reperfusion, and showed no differences with increasing episode of IP. The expression of p-Akt was increased by IP and showed no difference with increasing episode of IP. These results suggest that hind limb ischemic preconditioning provides cardiac protection through up-regulation of eNOS and phosphorylation of Akt, however excessive episodes of remote preconditioning may induce the myocardial ischemic injury through overexpression of iNOS.
Animals ; Blotting, Western ; Extremities ; Heart ; Humans ; Iliac Artery ; Ischemia ; Ischemic Preconditioning ; Male ; Myocardium ; Phosphorylation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reperfusion ; Reperfusion Injury ; Up-Regulation

BACKGROUND: Cardiac anesthesia with cardiopulmonary bypass is associated with an increased risk of awareness. A new approach to intraoperative EEG procession, the bispectral index (BIS), may allow more reliable quantitative assessment of the level of consciousness during anesthesia. We evaluated the relationships between BIS and commonly used indices of depth of anesthesia in children. METHODS: In the isoflurane group, anesthesia was maintained using isoflurane 0.5 1.0 vol% inhalation, whereas the fentanyl group received high dose fentanyl-midazolam infusion. BIS, mean arterial blood pressure, and heart rate were recorded at baseline, at postinduction (Tbaseline), skin incision (Tincis), sternotomy (Tsterno), aortic cannulation (Tcannul), nadir temperature (Tnadir), immediate post-CPB (TpostCPB), sternal wire (Twire), and at skin closure (Tclose). RESULTS: BIS showed a significant change over time (P < 0.001), with significant differences between groups (P = 0.04). BIS increased significantly during the immediate post-CPB phase (TpostCPB versus Tbaseline, Tnadir, P < 0.01). No correlations were found between BIS and changes in heart rate or mean arterial pressure during surgery. BIS was higher in the fentanyl group than in the isoflurane group at Tincis, Tcannul, and Twire (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Even though BIS was relatively lower in the isoflurane group compared to the fentanyl group, we were still unable to demonstrate a relationship between the BIS and hemodynamic indices depth for any group. While the increase in BIS during the rewarming phase could reflect an increase in conscious level, larger prospective studies with postoperative memory test for awareness are necessary.
Anesthesia ; Anesthetics* ; Arterial Pressure ; Cardiopulmonary Bypass ; Catheterization ; Child* ; Consciousness ; Electroencephalography ; Fentanyl ; Heart Rate ; Heart* ; Hemodynamics* ; Humans ; Inhalation ; Isoflurane ; Memory ; Rewarming ; Skin ; Sternotomy ; Thoracic Surgery*

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related inflammation (CAA-RI) is a distinct subset of cerebral amyloid angiopathy characterized by the auto-inflammatory response to amyloid-laden small arteries of cerebral cortex and leptomeninges. Clinical features include cognitive-behavioral change, headache, focal neurologic deficits and seizure. Because anti-inflammatory treatments can rapidly relieve neurologic symptoms, early diagnosis is critical. Herein, we report a CAA-RI case with distinct laboratory findings of a decreased cerebrospinal fluid amyloid beta 1-42 level and relatively reduced florbetaben uptake in the focal inflammatory lesion during the acute phase of CAA-RI.

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related inflammation (CAA-RI) is a distinct subset of cerebral amyloid angiopathy characterized by the auto-inflammatory response to amyloid-laden small arteries of cerebral cortex and leptomeninges. Clinical features include cognitive-behavioral change, headache, focal neurologic deficits and seizure. Because anti-inflammatory treatments can rapidly relieve neurologic symptoms, early diagnosis is critical. Herein, we report a CAA-RI case with distinct laboratory findings of a decreased cerebrospinal fluid amyloid beta 1-42 level and relatively reduced florbetaben uptake in the focal inflammatory lesion during the acute phase of CAA-RI.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The elderly patients with reflux esophagitis are less likely to feel or report their symptoms than the younger patients, even though they are more prone to complications such as bleeding, stricture or Barrett's esophagus. In this study we tried to investigate risk factors in the elderly patients who had endoscopically diagnosed reflux esophagitis. METHODS: Clinical data of six hundred and eighty seven patients with reflux esophagitis were reviewed. RESULTS: Among the 687 patients with reflux esophagitis, two hundred and thirteen (31%) were 60 or more than 60 years old. The frequency of accompanying hiatal hernia in the elderly group (age>or=60) was significantly higher than the younger group (age<60) (16.9%, 36/213 vs. 3.4%, 16/474, p<0.05). There was significant difference according age in the female group (0.9%, 1/114 vs. 22.7%, 22/97, p<0.05). The frequency of atropic gastritis was significantly higher in the elderly group than in the younger group , while other factors such as smoking, H. pylori and peptic ulcer disease were not different between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Among the risk factors of reflux esophagitis, the existence of hiatal hernia seems to be suggested more relevant to the development of this condition in the elderly group.
Aged* ; Barrett Esophagus ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Esophagitis, Peptic* ; Female ; Gastritis ; Hemorrhage ; Hernia, Hiatal ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Peptic Ulcer ; Risk Factors* ; Smoke ; Smoking

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The elderly patients with reflux esophagitis are less likely to feel or report their symptoms than the younger patients, even though they are more prone to complications such as bleeding, stricture or Barrett's esophagus. In this study we tried to investigate risk factors in the elderly patients who had endoscopically diagnosed reflux esophagitis. METHODS: Clinical data of six hundred and eighty seven patients with reflux esophagitis were reviewed. RESULTS: Among the 687 patients with reflux esophagitis, two hundred and thirteen (31%) were 60 or more than 60 years old. The frequency of accompanying hiatal hernia in the elderly group (age>or=60) was significantly higher than the younger group (age<60) (16.9%, 36/213 vs. 3.4%, 16/474, p<0.05). There was significant difference according age in the female group (0.9%, 1/114 vs. 22.7%, 22/97, p<0.05). The frequency of atropic gastritis was significantly higher in the elderly group than in the younger group , while other factors such as smoking, H. pylori and peptic ulcer disease were not different between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Among the risk factors of reflux esophagitis, the existence of hiatal hernia seems to be suggested more relevant to the development of this condition in the elderly group.
Aged* ; Barrett Esophagus ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Esophagitis, Peptic* ; Female ; Gastritis ; Hemorrhage ; Hernia, Hiatal ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Peptic Ulcer ; Risk Factors* ; Smoke ; Smoking