This study is to review the emergence of new psychiatrists, scientific rationalization, and popular internalization to reorganize the formation process of modern psychological medicine system. Unlike eugenic psychiatry from the Japanese Colonial Era, the social conditions and contexts forming autonomous system of psychiatry of Korea in the 1960s and 1970s have been concentrated. The discussion approach has been tried to secure two perspectives-treatment and criticism-at the same time and to expand the time and scope of study through the extensive texts such as newspapers, magazines, books, advertisements, and others in the 1960s and 1970s. Through formation of subject, rationalization, and popularization, this study has surveyed the characteristics of psychiatry in the 1960s and 1970s to accentuate complicated conditions and kinetic steps to systemize psychiatry as scientific field to promote treatment of patients by deviating from mental hygiene approaching national mental health from cleanliness and removal. The characteristics are summarized as follows. First, as the ethical models of good doctors, medical paternalistic doctors, and non-authoritarian symmetric doctors have been proposed as good psychiatrists by new medical specialists with experience of globality, a new subject emerges. However, there has been illegalization process of unlicensed medical practitioner excluded by the regulatory authority called “clearness.” Second, the rationalization of psychiatry has been accelerated through the dispute of enactment of Mental Hygiene Law, segmentalization of concept of mental illness, and scientific characteristics. Especially, the disputes over enactment of Mental Hygiene Law focused on criminalization of mental patients brought a result to regulate the patients as the target of humanistic treatment and potential criminals at the same time. Third, popularization of psychiatry has embraced invisible mental illness into popular daily life through visual measure called medicine advertisement, and through the discussion about social neurosis, a new paradigm for diagnosis of Korean society has been proposed. Moreover, by focusing on autobiographical works with voices of patients, this article reveals a new doctor-patient relationship.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Criminals ; Diagnosis ; Dissent and Disputes ; Humans ; Jurisprudence ; Korea* ; Mental Health* ; Mentally Ill Persons ; Periodicals ; Periodicals as Topic ; Psychiatry ; Rationalization ; Social Conditions ; Specialization ; Voice

Bcl-2 is a proto-oncogene initially described in follicular lymphoma, associated with chromosomal translocation(14;18). Recent studies have shown the presence of Bcl-2 in nonhematolymphoid tissue, especially in hormonally responsive tissue. The endometrium is an attractive model for studying the hormone dependent regulation of Bcl-2 expression. We have studied the immunoreactivity of Bcl-2 oncoprotein in relation to the immunoreactivity of estrogen receptors(ER) and progesterone receptors(PR) by immunohistochemistry in 52 human endometrial carcinomas, according to nuclear grade. The results obtained are summarized as followings, 1) Immunohistochemical grade of Bcl-2 showed a significant inverse correlation with nuclear grade. 2) Immunohistochemical grades of ER and PR also showed a significant inverse correlation with nuclear grade, and were well correlated with each other. 3) Immunohistochemical grades of Bcl-2 and hormone receptors showed a strongly significant correlation. On the basis of the above results, we suggest that Bcl-2 expression may be under hormone dependent control and that it can be used in prognosis and choice of hormonal therapy in the presence of hormone receptor.
Humans

PURPOSE: The purpose was to identify factors which affect nursing students' self-leadership according to their locus of control. METHODS: This study was a descriptive research. Participants were 600 D city junior and senior nursing students who had completed clinical training. RESULTS: Results showed the following characteristics of students who had high self-leadership: For students with external locus of control the following correlations with self-leadership were found:, general creativity (r=.46), social support (r=.48), academic self-efficacy (r=.29), and communication competence (r=.49). For students with internal locus of control, self-leadership was correlated with general creativity (r=.46), social support (r=.41), academic self-efficacy(r=.36), and communication competence (r=.48). For the nursing students with external locus of control, age (β=−.24, p=.010), satisfaction with campus life (β=.16, p=.027), general creativity (β=−.20, p=.017), and social support (β=−.20, p=.028) had significant effects on their self-leadership: explanatory power of 44% (F=6.53, p < .001). For students with internal locus of control, self-leadership was effected by general creativity (β=.20, p=.011) and social support (β=.19, p=.012): explanatory power was 42%(F=5.96, p < .001). CONCLUSION: Applying these findings to the curriculum of nursing students would improve their self-leadership and increase the efficiency of organizational culture and contribute to goal achievement in nursing organizations.
Creativity ; Curriculum ; Humans ; Internal-External Control ; Mental Competency ; Nursing ; Organizational Culture ; Students, Nursing

Objectives: Excess deaths, an indicator that compares total mortality rates before and during a pandemic, offer a comprehensive view of the pandemic’s impact. However, discrepancies may arise from variations in estimating expected deaths. This study aims to compare excess deaths in Korea during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic using 3 methods and to analyze patterns using the most appropriate method. Methods: Expected deaths from 2020 to 2022 were estimated using mortality data from 2015-2019 as reference years. This estimation employed 3 approaches: (1) simple average, (2) age-adjusted average, and (3) age-adjusted linear regression. Excess deaths by age, gender, and cause of death were also presented. Results: The number of excess deaths varied depending on the estimation method used, reaching its highest point with the simple average and its lowest with the age-adjusted average. Age-adjusted linear regression, which accounts for both the aging population and declining mortality rates, was considered most appropriate. Using this model, excess deaths were estimated at 0.3% for 2020, 4.0% for 2021, and 20.7% for 2022. Excess deaths surged among individuals in their 20s throughout the pandemic, largely attributed to a rise in self-harm and suicide. Additionally, the results indicated sharp increases in deaths associated with “endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases” and “symptoms, signs, and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings, not elsewhere classified.” Conclusions Substantial variations in excess deaths were evident based on estimation method, with a notable increase in 2022. The heightened excess deaths among young adults and specific causes underscore key considerations for future pandemic responses.

Objective of this study was to compare the color stability, mechanical and chemical properties of three different types of temporary crown resins. Commercially available powder-liquid (Group PL), light-cured (Group LC) and auto-mix syringe (Group AM) types' temporary crown resins were used as experimental groups for each of the evaluation. All the test groups were evaluated after 1 day and 7 days of immersion in various staining solutions. The colors of all groups before and after storage in the staining solutions were measured by a spectrophotometer based on CIE Lab system, and the color differences (ΔE(*)) thereby calculated. Micro hardness test was performed before water storage and aging after 7 days at 37 ℃. In addition, flexural strength, water sorption and solubility tests were performed according to international standard, ISO 10477. All experimental groups showed significant color change in staining solutions when compared to those stored in the control solution (distilled water) (p<0.05). Group PL showed the least color change among the three groups followed by Group AM (p<0.05). This tendency was observed after 7 days of immersion. In terms of the micro hardness test, Group PL showed the highest value among the three groups followed by Group AM (p<0.05). Additionally, the flexural strength decreased in the following order: AM > PL > LC (p<0.05). Water sorption and solubility increased in the following order: AM < PL < LC (p<0.05). The results of this study would provide useful information when choosing temporary crown resin types in various clinical situations.
Aging ; Crowns ; Hardness Tests ; Immersion ; Solubility ; Syringes ; Water

PURPOSE: A large number of studies have demonstrated that bronchiolitis by RSV can develop into recurrent wheezing or asthma in infancy. The severity on first attack, atopic finding and evironmental factors can be a risk factors for this recurrent wheezing but not yet defined clearly. We studied to know the risk factors to cause recurrent wheezing after bronchiolitis by RSV. METHODS: Sixty three children who were hospitalized for bronchiolitis by RSV from June 1996 through May 1997 were followed-up. They were classified into recurrent group with wheezing of more than 3 times and no-recurrent group and compared. RESULTS: 1) The recurrent group was 46%(29 of 63 cases) and was higher in both male and whom first wheezing occured in less than 6 months of age. 2) On the first admission, the degree of respiratory distress was more severe in recurrent group. 3) On the first admission, serum ECP was more higher in the recurrent group. And during follow-up, frequency of increased serum IgE and positive skin test to D.p, D.f was higher in the recurrent group. 4) The household environment, personal history of patients and familial history of atopy did not affect on recurrence of wheezing. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that younger age of lesser than 6 month of age and severity of respiratory distress on the first admission and positive skin test to D.p, D.f and higher serum IgE during follow-up had significant association with recurrent wheezing.
Asthma ; Bronchiolitis* ; Child ; Family Characteristics ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin E ; Male ; Recurrence ; Respiratory Sounds ; Risk Factors ; Skin Tests

BACKGROUND: Although several risk factors associated with reduced age at natural menopause (ANM) have been investigated, the results are inconsistent. Excessive stress, which leads to elevation of stress hormones, can also negatively affect reproductive ability, including by accelerating menopause. However, a direct association between stress level and ANM has not yet been demonstrated. Therefore, the object of this study was to investigate the association between stress level and ANM in Korean women. METHODS: Study participants were Korean women between 40 and 70 years old who were in natural menopause during the 5th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (n=3,176). The level of stress in daily life was estimated based on data from the mental health topics of the survey. We used the t-test and one-way analysis of variance to analyze the correlation between stress level and ANM. Regression (beta) coefficients calculated by multiple regression analysis were used to estimate various factors affecting ANM. RESULTS: Women who experienced a high level of stress in daily life had a lower mean ANM than women with a low stress level (50.17+/-3.7 and 50.58+/-3.5 years, respectively), with a statistically significant correlation (P<0.05). This correlation was still observed after adjusting for age, body mass index, menstrual regularity, and personal income (P<0.05 for variables). CONCLUSION: In Korean women between 40 and 70 years of age who are in natural menopause, there is a statistically significant correlation between stress level and ANM. In particular, women who experience a high level of stress in daily life have reduced ANM.
Body Mass Index ; Female ; Humans ; Menopause* ; Mental Health ; Nutrition Surveys* ; Risk Factors

Purpose: Frail older adults have a higher risk of hospital readmission due to decline in physical, functional, and psychological health status. The impact of readmission on individuals, families, or the healthcare system is tremendously devastating. This study aimed to investigate factors associated with hospital readmission of frail older adults. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective descriptive study based on multi-professional health assessments found in electronic medical records of patients from a university-affiliated hospital in Seoul, Korea. The participants were 141 older adults who were admitted to the geriatric department with medical problems. Frailty, components of the comprehensive geriatric assessment including nutrition, physical functions, psychological and cognitive status, clinical data including length of hospital stay, and readmission within 30, 90, and 180 days were collected. Survival analysis was performed, and Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to investigate the risk factors for readmission. Results: The statistically significant variables at each time point were slightly different. However, at most time points, disease-related problems (i.e., comorbidities and medications) and body functions (i.e., grip strength and physical activity) were included. The median duration until readmission was 27 days, and grip strength was found to be significantly related to readmission (p=0.020). Conclusion After discharge, both medical services to manage the medical condition and intervention to maintain physical function are needed to prevent frail older adults from being readmitted to the hospital.

Purpose: Frail older adults have a higher risk of hospital readmission due to decline in physical, functional, and psychological health status. The impact of readmission on individuals, families, or the healthcare system is tremendously devastating. This study aimed to investigate factors associated with hospital readmission of frail older adults. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective descriptive study based on multi-professional health assessments found in electronic medical records of patients from a university-affiliated hospital in Seoul, Korea. The participants were 141 older adults who were admitted to the geriatric department with medical problems. Frailty, components of the comprehensive geriatric assessment including nutrition, physical functions, psychological and cognitive status, clinical data including length of hospital stay, and readmission within 30, 90, and 180 days were collected. Survival analysis was performed, and Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to investigate the risk factors for readmission. Results: The statistically significant variables at each time point were slightly different. However, at most time points, disease-related problems (i.e., comorbidities and medications) and body functions (i.e., grip strength and physical activity) were included. The median duration until readmission was 27 days, and grip strength was found to be significantly related to readmission (p=0.020). Conclusion After discharge, both medical services to manage the medical condition and intervention to maintain physical function are needed to prevent frail older adults from being readmitted to the hospital.

Ovarian failure and infertility are typical features in Turner syndrome. Conception without ovum donation is very rare. We experienced one case of pregnancy and Cesarean delivery in a Turner mosaic with previous recurrent miscarriages.
Abortion, Habitual ; Female ; Fertilization ; Infertility ; Mosaicism ; Oocyte Donation ; Pregnancy ; Turner Syndrome