BACKGROUND: Cubitus varus and cubitus valgus deformities are common complications of distal humeral fractures in children. We evaluated the usefulness of supracondylar dome osteotomy as a treatment option for adults with cubitus varus or valgus deformity developed during childhood. METHODS: Ten patients who had received supracondylar dome osteotomy and stabilization with plates to treat cubitus varus or valgus deformity between July 2006 and August 2013 were included in this study. Their mean age at the time of surgery was 36.50 ± 10.22 years. The mean follow-up duration was 54.80 ± 32.50 months. We evaluated humerus-elbow-wrist angles (HEWA), improvements in the lateral prominence index (LPI) or medial prominence index (MPI), Mayo elbow performance scores (MEPS), and overall results in accordance with the Banerjee criteria. RESULTS: For the six patients with cubitus varus, the mean postoperative HEWA, mean correction angle, and mean improvement in LPI were 9.72°± 3.95°, 27.67°± 10.75°, and 6.92% ± 3.40%, respectively. For the four patients with cubitus valgus, the mean postoperative HEWA, mean correction angle, and mean improvement in MPI were 14.73°± 2.97°, 11.55°± 3.26°, and 11.33% ± 6.39%, respectively. There was no significant difference between postoperative and preoperative mean MEPS. The subjective ulnar nerve symptoms were alleviated in all patients. The overall results were excellent in six and good in four patients. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that supracondylar dome osteotomy with secure fixation using double plates may be useful in correcting cubitus varus or cubitus valgus deformity, yielding good functional outcomes in adults.
Adult* ; Child ; Congenital Abnormalities* ; Elbow ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Humeral Fractures ; Osteotomy* ; Ulnar Nerve

BACKGROUND: Although a common shoulder disease, there are no accepted classification criteria for frozen shoulder (FS). This study therefore aimed to evaluate the accuracy of the conventionally used FS classification system. METHODS: Primary FS patients (n=168) who visited our clinic from January 2010 to July 2015 were included in the study. After confirming restrictions of the glenohumeral joint motion and absence of history of systemic disease, trauma, shoulder surgery, shoulder muscle weakness, or specific x-ray abnormalities, the Zuckerman and Rokito's classification was employed for diagnosing primary FS. Following clinical diagnosis, each patient underwent a shoulder magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and blood tests (lipid profile, glucose, hemoglobin A1c, and thyroid function). Based on the results of the blood tests and MRIs, the patients were reclassified, using the criteria proposed by Zuckerman and Rokito. RESULTS: New diagnoses were ascertained including blood test results (16 patients with diabetes, 43 with thyroid abnormalities, and 149 with dyslipidemia), and MRI revealed intra-articular lesions in 81 patients (48.2%). After re-categorization based on the above findings, only 5 patients (3.0%) were classified having primary FS. The remaining 163 patients (97.0%) had either undiagnosed systemic or intrinsic abnormalities (89 patients), whereas 74 patients had both. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate that most patients clinically diagnosed with primary FS had undiagnosed systemic abnormalities and/or intra-articular pathologies. Therefore, a modification of the Zuckerman and Rokito's classification system for FS may be required to include the frequent combinations, rather than having a separate representation of systemic abnormalities and intrinsic causes.
Bursitis ; Classification ; Diagnosis ; Glucose ; Hematologic Tests ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Muscle Weakness ; Pathology ; Shoulder ; Shoulder Joint ; Thyroid Gland

BACKGROUND: Cubitus varus and cubitus valgus deformities are common complications of distal humeral fractures in children. We evaluated the usefulness of supracondylar dome osteotomy as a treatment option for adults with cubitus varus or valgus deformity developed during childhood. METHODS: Ten patients who had received supracondylar dome osteotomy and stabilization with plates to treat cubitus varus or valgus deformity between July 2006 and August 2013 were included in this study. Their mean age at the time of surgery was 36.50 ± 10.22 years. The mean follow-up duration was 54.80 ± 32.50 months. We evaluated humerus-elbow-wrist angles (HEWA), improvements in the lateral prominence index (LPI) or medial prominence index (MPI), Mayo elbow performance scores (MEPS), and overall results in accordance with the Banerjee criteria. RESULTS: For the six patients with cubitus varus, the mean postoperative HEWA, mean correction angle, and mean improvement in LPI were 9.72° ± 3.95°, 27.67° ± 10.75°, and 6.92% ± 3.40%, respectively. For the four patients with cubitus valgus, the mean postoperative HEWA, mean correction angle, and mean improvement in MPI were 14.73° ± 2.97°, 11.55° ± 3.26°, and 11.33% ± 6.39%, respectively. There was no significant difference between postoperative and preoperative mean MEPS. The subjective ulnar nerve symptoms were alleviated in all patients. The overall results were excellent in six and good in four patients. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that supracondylar dome osteotomy with secure fixation using double plates may be useful in correcting cubitus varus or cubitus valgus deformity, yielding good functional outcomes in adults.
Adult ; Child ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Elbow ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Humeral Fractures ; Osteotomy ; Ulnar Nerve

Background: Chronic subscapularis tendon tear (SBT) is a degenerative disease and a common pathologic cause of shoulder pain. Several potential risk factors for chronic SBT have been reported. Although metabolic abnormalities are common risk factors for degenerative disease, their potential etiological roles in chronic SBT remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate potential risk factors for chronic SBT, with particular attention to metabolic factors. Methods: This study evaluated single shoulders of 939 rural residents. Each subject undertook a questionnaire, physical examinations, blood tests, and simple radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluations of bilateral shoulders. Subscapularis tendon integrity was determined by MRI findings based on the thickness of the involved tendons. The association strengths of demographic, physical, social, and radiologic factors, comorbidities, severity of rotator cuff tear (RCT), and serologic parameters for SBT were evaluated using logistic regression analyses. The significance of those analyses was set at p<0.05. Results: The prevalence of SBT was 32.2% (302/939). The prevalence of partial- and full-thickness tears was 23.5% (221/939) and 8.6% (81/939), respectively. The prevalence of isolated SBT was 20.2% (190/939), SBT combined with supraspinatus or infraspinatus tendon tear was 11.9% (112/939). In multivariable logistic regression analysis, dominant side involvement (p<0.001), manual labor (p=0.002), diabetes (p<0.001), metabolic syndrome (p<0.001), retraction degree of Patte tendon (p<0.001), posterosuperior RCT (p=0.010), and biceps tendon injury (p<0.001) were significantly associated with SBT. Conclusions Metabolic syndrome is a potential risk factor for SBT, as are these factors: overuse activity, diabetes, posterosuperior RCT, increased retraction of posterosuperior rotator cuff tendon, and biceps tendon injury.

PURPOSE: We investigated a statistical difference of tibial-articular surface (TAS) angles between radiographs of standing ankle anteroposterior (AP) and whole lower extremity view, and evaluated whether the tibial axis obtained from the standing ankle AP view reflects the original mechanical axis of lower extremity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Both the standing ankle AP and whole lower extremity view were taken from 60 legs of 30 healthy volunteers without a history of ankle surgery or deformity of lower limb. To determine the tibial axis, Takakura's and Hintermann's method were employed in the standing ankle AP view. To compare these results with the original TAS angle, ANOVA and multiple comparison test were used. RESULTS: The mean TAS angle was 88.3 degrees(from hip joint to ankle), 89.5 degrees (from knee joint to ankle), 88.5 degrees (Takakura's method), and 90.2 degrees(Hintermann's method). Although there was a statistical significance (p=0.000) between these results, Takakura's method had no significant difference, compared to the results of whole extremity view by the multiple comparison test. CONCLUSION: The tibial axis obtained by Takakura's method reflects the original mechanical axis of lower extremity. When a surgical procedure is planned, however, it is necessary to consider that the ankle radiographs do not provide any information on the proximal deformity without the whole lower extremity view.
Animals ; Ankle ; Axis, Cervical Vertebra ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Extremities ; Hip Joint ; Knee Joint ; Leg ; Lower Extremity

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between the 3-dimensional (D) notch volume and the 2D notch width and notch shape as measured on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), between subjects with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury and those without ACL injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Knee MRI images were taken from 72 subjects with ACL injury and 80 subjects without ACL injury (January 2007 to January 2012; Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea). We measured 3D notch volume and 2D notch width and notch shape. The measured values from MRI figures between ACL-injured subjects and non-ACL-injured subjects were compared and analyzed. These measurements (notch width, notch ratio) were correlated to notch volume. Both intra-observer reliability and inter-observer reliability were calculated. RESULTS: Notch width differed significantly between ACL injured subjects and non-injured subjects (p<0.001), while no significant differences in notch volume and notch shape were observed between the groups (male: p=0.43, female: p=0.22). CONCLUSION: The results of this study might suggest that certain 2D measurements (notch width) of the notch could be better than notch volume for prediction of ACL rupture risk.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament* ; Female ; Gyeongsangnam-do ; Humans ; Knee ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Rupture

PURPOSE: The extension of endocrine therapy beyond 5 years for recurrence-free survivors of breast cancer improves survival; however, the issue on how to clinically identify appropriate candidates remains controversial. This study aimed to identify prognostic factors for breast-cancer-specific mortality in patients who have had 5 years of tamoxifen treatment and categorize subgroups based on the risk of death using combinations of these prognostic factors to assist in the clinical decision to perform further endocrine therapy. METHODS: In total, 3,158 patients with breast cancer were enrolled. Breast cancer-specific survival rates after 5 years of tamoxifen treatment were calculated, and associated prognostic factors were analyzed using a Cox proportional-hazards model. RESULTS: An age extreme at diagnosis (i.e., < 40 or ≥ 60 years), tumor size > 2 cm, and positive lymphovascular invasion were robust independent prognostic factors for late breast cancer-specific death in tamoxifen-treated patients (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.162, 1.739, and 1.993; p = 0.001, 0.047, and 0.011, respectively). Lymph node metastasis and progesterone receptor negativity had borderline significance in this regard (HR = 1.741 and 1.638, p = 0.099 and 0.061). The study patients were classified into four groups according to the number of prognostic indicators, i.e., low, intermediate, high, and extremely high risk. The additional 5- and 10-year cumulative risks of breast cancer-specific death were 0.8% and 1.5% in the low-risk group, 0.9% and 3.9% in the intermediate-risk group, 1.3% and 7.3% in the high-risk group, and 4.8% and 13.8% in the extremely high-risk group, respectively. CONCLUSION: This new risk stratification system for late mortality in breast cancer can be used to identify the right candidates for extended endocrine therapy after 5 years of tamoxifen treatment.
Breast Neoplasms ; Breast ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes ; Mortality ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Prognosis ; Receptors, Progesterone ; Survival Rate ; Survivors ; Tamoxifen