Pathological laughing and crying(PLC) is a condition that is characterized by episodic, brief, contextually inappropriate, uncontrollable outbursts of laughing and/or crying. It can be observed in patients with various neurological disorders. PLC often causes distress in interpersonal functioning and activities for patients and their families. PLC can be recognized easily with proper understanding of the condition and its nature. Also it generally shows good response to various pharmacological treatments. This review aims to encourage the diagnosis and treatment of PLC by providing definition and clinical presentation of PLC, analysis of its pathophysiology and various current treatment options.
Crying* ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Nervous System Diseases

No abstract available.
Dyskeratosis Congenita*

PURPOSE: We report a case of optic disc hemorrhage associated with buried optic nerve head drusen in a pediatric patient. CASE SUMMARY: A 10-year-old female visited our clinic with a floating sensation in her left eye, 2 days in duration. Best corrected visual acuity was 1.0 in both eyes. Intraocular pressure, light reflex, relative afferent pupillary defect and color vision were normal. The patient showed a small optic disc with blurred, irregular margins in both eyes, and optic disc hemorrhage in the left eye on fundus examination. Visual field examination revealed an enlarged blind spot in the left eye. To achieve correct diagnosis, brain MRI was performed and revealed normal findings. On spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT), hyper-reflective and heterogeneous mass like lesions were found with buried optic nerve head drusen. CONCLUSIONS: In general, optic nerve head drusen, has a good prognosis; however, visual field defects or hemorrhagic complications can occur, therefore, correct diagnosis and regular follow-up are necessary.
Brain ; Child ; Color Vision ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hemorrhage* ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Optic Disk* ; Pediatrics ; Prognosis ; Pupil Disorders ; Reflex ; Sensation ; Tomography, Optical Coherence ; Visual Acuity ; Visual Fields

No abstract available.

To fine out the changes of DNA ploidy and cellular proliferation activity during carcinogenesis and evaluate correlation between flow cytometrically determined S-phase fraction and proportion of proliferation cell nuclear antigen(PCNA, PC10) immunoreactive cells, the authors studied on malignant fibrous histocytoma induced by intra-articular injection of 9, 10-dimethy1-1, 2-benzanthracene(DMBA) in the rats. Forty Wistar rats were used. The results obtained were as follows. 1) Firstly, tumors were palpated 5 weeks after the last injection of DMBA and formed in 27 rats at sacrificed. Histologically, these lesions showed storiform, indicative of malignant fibrous histiocytoma. 2) Three cases of DNA aneuploidy were observed at 4 and 5 months after the last injection of DBMA and one of them, which was DNA diploidy at main mass, was found at daughter mass. 3) Flow cytometrically determined S-phase fraction and proportion of PCNA(PC10) immunoreactive cells in malignant fibrous histiocytoma induced by DMBA were much higher than in control groups and slightly increased according to sequential changes after formation of mass. The comparison of flow cytometrically determined S-phase fraction and proportion of PCNA(PC10) immunoreactive cells showed significant correlation(r=0.6092, p<0.001). Above results strongly suggest that ploidy pattern may evolve into aneuploid type during the development of tumor and proliferation activity increases during the carcinogenesis.
Rats ; Animals

BACKGROUND: Skin thickness for parameter of skin aging has been analysed with various methods. Skin thickness variations between the young and the old has been studied with various methods such as biopsies, calipers, micrometers, computer tomography, ultrsonography. But none of these methods evaluates skin thickness exactly. OBJECTIVE: For the evaluation of age-dependent skin thickness changes, we compared the skin thickness of an old-aged group and a young group with 20MHz-ultrasonography. METHODS: In order to identify the skin thickness variation between different age groups, 60 subjects, 30 aged 23-33, and 30 over 60, were studied with 20MHz-high frequency ultrasonogrphy (Dermascan C, Cortex Technology, Hadsund, Denmark) on fourteen skin sites. This machine was designed to measure the thickness from the top of the epidermis to the bottom of the dermis. After storage of cross-sectional skin imaging, skin thickness was calculated with a computer assisted image-analysis program. Skin thickness of the old was analysed by age, sex, height and weight.
Biopsy ; Dermis ; Epidermis ; Humans ; Skin Aging ; Skin* ; Ultrasonography*

Pure ovarian choriocarcinoma of germ cell origin is exceedingly rare neoplasm, and even the presence of choriocarcinomatous elements admixed with other neoplastic germ cell elements is rare. In the most cases, the tumor is admixed with other neoplastic germ cell elemeats, and their presence is diagnostic of noagsatational choriocarcinoma, except for the remote of the tumor being a geatational choriocarcinoma metasttic to an ovarian germ cell tumor. We have experienced a case of nongestational ovarian choriocarcinoma in 10 year dld woman. So we report this case with a brief review of its literatures.
Choriocarcinoma* ; Female ; Germ Cells ; Humans ; Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal ; Pregnancy

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an inherited immunodeficient disease characterized by recurrent infections and granuloma formation. Granulomatous obstruction of esophagus is one of the rare complications of CGD. The use of steroids and antimicrobials for esophageal obstruction by granuloma in CGD patients has been controversial due to the possibility of concomitant inapparent infection. We report a case of esophageal obstruction in an 8-year-old CGD patient showing the poor response to antibiotics therapy. However, dramatic improvement of symptoms and radiologic findings of esophageal obstruction were achieved after steroid therapy. One month after discontinuation of steroid, esophageal obstruction recurred and the patient was re-treated with steroid. After that time, he experienced one more recurrence of esophageal obstruction. This symptom subsided after antibiotics therapy without steroid and he has been followed up to the present without further relapse.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Child ; Esophageal Stenosis ; Esophagus ; Granuloma ; Granulomatous Disease, Chronic* ; Humans ; Recurrence ; Steroids

No abstract available.
Spinal Muscular Atrophies of Childhood*

No abstract available.
Spinal Muscular Atrophies of Childhood*