Objective: Herbal and natural supplements have gained popularity as alternative treatments to insomnia and sleep disorders due to their perceived safety and potential effectiveness. This literature review summarizes the current evidence on the efficacy, safety, and mechanisms of action of commonly used supplements for sleep, including valerian, hops, kava, German chamomile, cherry, tryptophan, theanine, melatonin, magnesium, and zinc. Methods: We conducted literature review of clinical research on herbal and supplements for sleep reported to date. We summarized key findings and reviewed outcomes related to clinical efficacy and side effects. Results: Findings suggest that certain supplements, particularly valerian, hops, and melatonin, could be effective in improving sleep quality and reducing insomnia symptoms through modulation of neurotransmitter systems and regulation of sleep-wake cycles. However, the strength of the evidence varies with unestablished optimal dosages, formulations, and treatment durations. Although generally considered safe, these supplements are not without risks, such as rare but serious adverse effects associated with kava and potential interactions with prescription medications. The quality and purity of supplements also vary widely due to a lack of strict regulations. Conclusion Healthcare providers should remain informed about the latest research and work closely with patients to develop personalized treatment plans. Herbal and natural supplements may offer promising alternatives or adjunct treatments for insomnia and sleep disorders, but their use should be guided by the best available evidence and individual patient requirements. Larger, well-designed clinical trials are needed to establish the efficacy and safety of these supplements for clinical decision-making.

No abstract available.
Animals ; Rats* ; Skin*

No abstract available.
Ivermectin ; Larva Migrans

Objective: To investigate the impact of circadian rhythm disruptions on mental health among college students and explore effective interventions for maintaining stable circadian rhythms. Methods: A comprehensive review of literature was conducted, focusing on sleep patterns, circadian rhythms, and their effects on mental health. Studies were analyzed to identify common factors contributing to circadian misalignment in college students and effective treatments. Data from large-scale studies and specific clinical trials were utilized to understand the relationship between circadian rhythms and psychiatric disorders. Results: Disruptions in circadian rhythms were linked to increased prevalence of psychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety, and bipolar disorder. Biological changes during adolescence, academic pressures, and extensive use of electronic devices were major contributing factors. Effective interventions included light therapy, chronotherapy, melatonin supplementation, and cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia. Conclusion Stable circadian rhythms are crucial for mental health, particularly in college students who are vulnerable to disruptions due to lifestyle factors. Implementing interventions such as regular sleep schedules, light exposure management, and behavioral therapies can significantly improve mental health outcomes. Further research and targeted mental health programs are essential to address circadian misalignment and its associated psychiatric disorders in this population.

Objective: To investigate the impact of circadian rhythm disruptions on mental health among college students and explore effective interventions for maintaining stable circadian rhythms. Methods: A comprehensive review of literature was conducted, focusing on sleep patterns, circadian rhythms, and their effects on mental health. Studies were analyzed to identify common factors contributing to circadian misalignment in college students and effective treatments. Data from large-scale studies and specific clinical trials were utilized to understand the relationship between circadian rhythms and psychiatric disorders. Results: Disruptions in circadian rhythms were linked to increased prevalence of psychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety, and bipolar disorder. Biological changes during adolescence, academic pressures, and extensive use of electronic devices were major contributing factors. Effective interventions included light therapy, chronotherapy, melatonin supplementation, and cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia. Conclusion Stable circadian rhythms are crucial for mental health, particularly in college students who are vulnerable to disruptions due to lifestyle factors. Implementing interventions such as regular sleep schedules, light exposure management, and behavioral therapies can significantly improve mental health outcomes. Further research and targeted mental health programs are essential to address circadian misalignment and its associated psychiatric disorders in this population.

Objective: To investigate the impact of circadian rhythm disruptions on mental health among college students and explore effective interventions for maintaining stable circadian rhythms. Methods: A comprehensive review of literature was conducted, focusing on sleep patterns, circadian rhythms, and their effects on mental health. Studies were analyzed to identify common factors contributing to circadian misalignment in college students and effective treatments. Data from large-scale studies and specific clinical trials were utilized to understand the relationship between circadian rhythms and psychiatric disorders. Results: Disruptions in circadian rhythms were linked to increased prevalence of psychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety, and bipolar disorder. Biological changes during adolescence, academic pressures, and extensive use of electronic devices were major contributing factors. Effective interventions included light therapy, chronotherapy, melatonin supplementation, and cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia. Conclusion Stable circadian rhythms are crucial for mental health, particularly in college students who are vulnerable to disruptions due to lifestyle factors. Implementing interventions such as regular sleep schedules, light exposure management, and behavioral therapies can significantly improve mental health outcomes. Further research and targeted mental health programs are essential to address circadian misalignment and its associated psychiatric disorders in this population.

Objective: To investigate the impact of circadian rhythm disruptions on mental health among college students and explore effective interventions for maintaining stable circadian rhythms. Methods: A comprehensive review of literature was conducted, focusing on sleep patterns, circadian rhythms, and their effects on mental health. Studies were analyzed to identify common factors contributing to circadian misalignment in college students and effective treatments. Data from large-scale studies and specific clinical trials were utilized to understand the relationship between circadian rhythms and psychiatric disorders. Results: Disruptions in circadian rhythms were linked to increased prevalence of psychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety, and bipolar disorder. Biological changes during adolescence, academic pressures, and extensive use of electronic devices were major contributing factors. Effective interventions included light therapy, chronotherapy, melatonin supplementation, and cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia. Conclusion Stable circadian rhythms are crucial for mental health, particularly in college students who are vulnerable to disruptions due to lifestyle factors. Implementing interventions such as regular sleep schedules, light exposure management, and behavioral therapies can significantly improve mental health outcomes. Further research and targeted mental health programs are essential to address circadian misalignment and its associated psychiatric disorders in this population.

Objective: To investigate the impact of circadian rhythm disruptions on mental health among college students and explore effective interventions for maintaining stable circadian rhythms. Methods: A comprehensive review of literature was conducted, focusing on sleep patterns, circadian rhythms, and their effects on mental health. Studies were analyzed to identify common factors contributing to circadian misalignment in college students and effective treatments. Data from large-scale studies and specific clinical trials were utilized to understand the relationship between circadian rhythms and psychiatric disorders. Results: Disruptions in circadian rhythms were linked to increased prevalence of psychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety, and bipolar disorder. Biological changes during adolescence, academic pressures, and extensive use of electronic devices were major contributing factors. Effective interventions included light therapy, chronotherapy, melatonin supplementation, and cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia. Conclusion Stable circadian rhythms are crucial for mental health, particularly in college students who are vulnerable to disruptions due to lifestyle factors. Implementing interventions such as regular sleep schedules, light exposure management, and behavioral therapies can significantly improve mental health outcomes. Further research and targeted mental health programs are essential to address circadian misalignment and its associated psychiatric disorders in this population.

No abstract available.
Anesthesia, Epidural* ; Diuresis*

This article evaluates the overall current disease burden of North Korea through the recent databases of international organizations. It is notable that North Korea as a nation is exhibiting a relatively low burden from deaths and that there is greater burden from deaths caused by non-communicable diseases than from those caused by communicable diseases and malnutrition. However, the absolute magnitude of problems from communicable diseases like TB and from child malnutrition, which will increase the disease burden in the future, remains great. North Korea, which needs to handle both communicable and nutritional conditions, and non-communicable diseases, whose burden is ever more increasing in the nation, can now be understood as a country with the 'double-burden' of disease.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Child ; Child Nutrition Disorders/epidemiology ; Child, Preschool ; Communicable Diseases/epidemiology/*mortality ; Databases, Factual ; Democratic People's Republic of Korea ; Humans ; Incidence ; Middle Aged ; Nutritional Status ; Tuberculosis/epidemiology/mortality ; Young Adult