PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to examine the frequency of posterior element injury in patients with traumatic thoraco-lumbar burst fractures and to evaluate the correlation between the MR imaging and CT findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The MR images of 38 patients with 39 thoraco-lumbar burst fractures and the results of the CT examinations of 28 patients with 29 fractures were retrospectively analyzed. Both procedures were performed within two weeks of injury. Twenty-one males and 17 females were included ; their average age was 51.3 (range, 11-75) years. MR images were evaluated for injury to the posterior ligamentous complex, comprising the supraspinous ligament(SSL), the interspinous ligament(ISL), the flaval ligament(FL), and the capsule of facets. Analysis of the CT findings focused on the posterior bony elements of the lamina, pedicle, spinous process, and facet joint. RESULTS: MR imaging revealed posterior ligamentous injuries in 18(46.2%) of 39 burst fractures ; there was tearing of the ISL in 15 cases(38.5%), of the SSL in 11(28.2%), of the capsule of facets in 11(28.2%), and of the FL in nine(23.1%). Among the 29 burst fracture cases examined by CT, posterior bony injuries were detected in 13(44.8%). Lamina and facet joint fractures were detected in six cases(20.7%), facet separation or dislocation in six(20.7%), and spinous process and pedicle fracture in one(3.4%). In 29 burst fracture cases, both MRI and CT were performed. Among the 18 cases in which MR imaging revealed posterior ligamentous injuries, CT failed to demonstrate posterior element fractures in seven. On the other hand, among the 13 cases in which CT indicated posterior bony fractures, MR failed to reveal posterior ligamentous injuries in two. CONCLUSION: Posterior element injury is frequently found in patients with traumatic thoraco-lumbar burst fractures demonstrated by MR imaging(46.2%) and CT(44.8%). Both MRI and CT are useful tools for the evaluation of posterior element injury, which determines the degree of instability of traumatic burst fracture.
Dislocations ; Female ; Hand ; Humans ; Ligaments ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Zygapophyseal Joint

PURPOSE: The incidence of abdominal trauma with intra-abdominal organ injury or bowel rupture is increasing. Articles on the diagnosis, symptoms and treatment of small bowel perforation due to blunt trauma have been reported, but reports on the relationship of mortality and morbidity to clinical factors for prognosis are minimal. The purposes of this study are to evaluate the morbidity and mortality of patients with small bowel perforation after blunt abdominal trauma on the basis of clinical examinationand to analyze factors associated with the prognosisfor blunt abdominal trauma with small bowel perforation. METHODS: The clinical data on patients with small bowel perforation due to blunt trauma who underwent emergency surgery from January 1994 to December 2009 were retrospectively analyzed. The correlation of each prognostic factor to morbidity and mortality, and the relationship among prognostic factors were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 83 patients met the inclusion criteria: The malewas 81.9% .The mean age was 45.6 years.The mean APACHE II score was 5.75.The mean time interval between injury and surgery was 395.9 minutes.The mean surgery time was 111.1 minutes. Forty seven patients had surgery for ileal perforations, and primary closure was done for 51patients. The mean admission period was 15.3 days, and the mean fasting time was 4.5 days. There were 6 deaths (7.2%), and 25 patientssuffered from complications. CONCLUSION: The patient's age and the APACHE II score on admission were important prognostic factors that effecteda patient's progress. Especially, this study shows that the APACHE II score had effect on the operation time, admission period, the treatment period, the fasting time, the mortality rate, and the complication rate.
APACHE ; Emergencies ; Fasting ; Humans ; Incidence ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Rupture

PURPOSE: To evaluate the frequency of peritumoral bone marrow(BM) edema accompanying benign giant celltumor(GCT) of the appendicular bone by magnetic resonance(MR) imaging and to correlate MRI findings with those ofplain radiography and bone scintigraphy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighteen cases of pathologically proven benignGCT of the appendicular bone were retrospectively analyzed using MR images, plain radiographs and bonescintigrams. A plain radiograph was available in 15 cases, and a scintigram in six. Marrow edema was defined asperitumoral signal changes which were of homogeneous intermediate or low signal intensity(SI) on T1WI and high SIon T2WI, relative to the SI of normal BM, and homogeneous enhancement on Gd-DTPA-enhanced T1WI. The transitionzone, sclerotic margin and aggressiveness of the lesion were assessed on the basis of plain radiographs. BM edemaseen on MR images was correlated with plain radiographic and scintigraphic findings. RESULTS: 1. Peritumoral BMedema was seen on MR images in 10 of 18 cases (55.5%). 2. In 8 of 15 cases for which plain radiographs wereavailable, MR imaging revealed BM edema. In six of these eight, transition zone was wide, while in two it wasnarrow. Six of seven patients without marrow edema showed a wide transition zone, and in one this was narrow.There was significant correlation between BM edema shown by MR imaging and the transition zone seen on plainradiographs (x2, p<0.05). But The aggressiveness shown by plain radiographs correlated only marginally, while thepresence of sclerotic rim did not correlate. 3. All six cases for which a bone scintigram was available showed anextended uptake pattern. In five of the six, MR imaging revealed edema. CONCLUSION: Peritumoral BM edema wasfrequently seen (55.5%) in the GCTs of appendicular bone ; it was more often shown in association with a widetransition zone by plain radiographs.
Bone Marrow* ; Edema* ; Giant Cell Tumors* ; Giant Cells* ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Radiography ; Radionuclide Imaging ; Retrospective Studies

Endometriosis is common estrogen-related gynecological diseases related to interactions of dietary, genetic causes, social and environmental factors. The high prevalence approaches 5-15% in premenopausal women and 30% in infertile women, and it is unusual to occur after the onset of menopause. In this review, the gene polymorphisms of estrogen receptor (ER) alpha and betare-lated to the risks of endometriosis were investigated through statistical analysis by using the gene polymorphism for the risks of the disease examined trends. The polymorphism of ERalpha-PvuII in Europe tends to increase the risk of endometriosis and, ERalpha-XbaI polymorphisms in both Asia and Europe have a slightly increased risk of endometriosis. In the case of ERbeta-RsaI, the risk of endometriosis increases in Brazil, while the polymorphism of ERbeta-AluI reduces the disease risks in Asia. Polymorphism studies on ER associated with the risk of endometriosis in Asia and Europe showed that those polymorphisms may be used to predict the high or low risks of endometriosis, and potentially used for prevention, therapy or prognosis of endometriosis. Further studies on interacting with more related genes and environmental factors may provide a better understanding of associations between estrogen receptor gene polymorphisms and endometriosis.
Asia ; Brazil ; Endometriosis ; Estrogens ; Europe ; Female ; Humans ; Menopause ; Prevalence ; Prognosis

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Although zirconium oxide ceramics are more and more commonly used in restorative dentistry, for many clinical applications only limited data can be found in the literature. However, it is quite clear that hydrofluoric acid etching is impossible with zirconia ceramics. Therefore, other bonding techniques are required in order to lute these materials adhesively. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of surface treatments on shear bond strengths between two resin cements and a zirconia ceramic. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Experimental industrially manufactured yttrium-oxide-partially-stabilized zirconia ceramic discs (Adens, Korea) were used for this study. The ceramic specimens divided into five experimental groups and a control group (as received). Five surface treatments were studied. 1) sandblasting with 110 micrometer Al2O3 at 3 bars pressure 13 seconds at a distance of 10mm, 2) flame-treated with the Silano-Pen for 5 s/cm2, 3) grinding with a diamond bur, 4) sandblasting + Silano-Pen treatment, 5) diamond bur preparation+ Silano-Pen treatment. Acrylic plastic tube (5 mm in height and 3 mm in diameter) were filled with composite to fabricate composite cylinders. The composite cylinders were bonded to the ceramic specimens with either Superbond C & B or Panavia F resin luting agents. All cemented specimens were tested under shear loading until fracture on universal testing machine at a crosshead speed 1mm/min, the maximum load at fracture was recorded. Shear bond strength data were analyzed with oneway analysis of variance and Tukey HSD tests (p<.05). Treated ceramic surfaces and fracture surfaces after shear testing were examined morphologically using scanning electron microscope. Results: Ceramic surface treatment with Silano-Pen after sandblasting improved the bond strength of Superbond C & B resin cement. Superbond CandB resin cement at Silano-Pen after sandblasting(27.4 +/- 3.8 MPa) showed statistically higher shear bond strength than the others. CONCLUSION: Within the limitation of this study, Superbond C & B resin cement are suitable for cementation of zirconia ceramics and flame-treated with the Silano-Pen after sandblasting is required to enhance the bond strength.
Cementation ; Ceramics* ; Dental Cements ; Dental Instruments ; Dentistry ; Hydrofluoric Acid ; Plastics ; Resin Cements* ; Zirconium

AIMTo investigate the antioxidant effects of Morinda officinalis (Morindae radix, MR) on H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative stress in cultured mouse TM3 Leydig cells.

METHODSWe carried out 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, lipid peroxidation, testosterone enzyme immunoassay, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) assays in Leydig TM3 cells.

RESULTSMR showed a 47.8% 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging effect in TM3 cells with no significant cytotoxicity. Oxidative stress was induced in TM3 cells with 100 micromol H(2)O(2), and treatment of the cells with 250 microg/mL MR showed the most significant protective effect (64%, P < 0.001) in the cell viability assay with a decreased lipid peroxidation level (1.75 nmol/mg protein, P < 0.05), increased testosterone production (43.5 pg/mL), and improvements in SOD activity (7.49 units of SOD/mg protein, P < 0.001) and CAT activity (74.6 units of CAT/mg protein, P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONThese findings indicate that MR, as an antioxidant, protects functions of cultured mouse TM3 Leydig cells from H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative stress.

Animals ; Catalase ; metabolism ; Cell Survival ; drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Hydrogen Peroxide ; adverse effects ; Leydig Cells ; cytology ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Lipid Peroxidation ; drug effects ; Male ; Mice ; Morinda ; Oxidative Stress ; drug effects ; Plant Extracts ; pharmacology ; RNA, Messenger ; metabolism ; Superoxide Dismutase ; metabolism ; Testosterone ; metabolism

Background: Disseminating public knowledge on malignant melanoma through YouTube is an important way to bridge the gap between physicians and patients. However, videos recorded on this topic in Korea are yet to be evaluated. Objective: We aimed to evaluate the quality of YouTube videos on malignant melanoma recorded in Korea. We also investigated whether there was a difference in the quality of videos made by medical professionals (subdivided into dermatologists and non-dermatologists) and non-medical personnel. Methods: We included all videos recorded in Korean by searching YouTube using the keywords “melanoma” or “malignant melanoma”. The search was performed on March 22, 2021. The inclusion criterion was videos in Korean language that contained medical information about malignant melanoma. The characteristics and content information were collected for each video. Video quality (DISCERN, Global Quality Scale [GQS], Journal of the American Medical Association [JAMA] benchmark criteria) was analyzed. Results: Eighty-five videos met the inclusion criterion for the analysis. Fifty-six (66%) and 29 videos (34%) were made by medical and non-medical personnel, respectively. The videos made by medical professionals significantly contained more of the following information than those made by non-medical personnel: clinical information (p＜ 0.001), symptoms and signs (p=0.001), risk factors (p＜0.05), diagnosis (p＜0.001). Videos made by medical professionals, videos with a length of more than 5 minutes, or videos with more than 10,000 views had significantly higher quality scores (DISCERN, GQS, JAMA). Conclusion Considering that YouTube is being used as a portal for medical information, the participation of medical professionals is essential for providing more accurate information.

Background: Glomus tumors are benign vascular tumors derived from the glomus body, a neuromuscular vascular tissue responsible for regulating the temperature and blood flow of the skin. Ultrasonography (USG) is a useful tool for diagnosing glomus tumors; nevertheless, data on Korean patients with glomus tumors are limited. Objective: This study aimed to describe USG findings of subungual glomus tumors in Korean patients. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records and USG readings of 20 cases of glomus tumors in the nail apparatus diagnosed from January 2015 to December 2021. Results: Twenty patients were included in this study. Four patients (20.0%) were male and 16 (80.0%) were female. The age of onset ranged from 18∼86 years, with a mean of 45.2 years. USG findings showed hypoechoic echogenicity in all cases. Tumor size ranged from 2.3∼10 mm (mean±standard deviation, 5.5±1.9 mm). The tumor shape observed on USG was oval in 16 cases (80.0%), lobulated in three cases (15.0%), and round in one case (5.0%). Tumor boundaries were well-defined in 18 cases (90.0%) and ill-defined in two cases. Posterior acoustic enhancement and cortical erosion were observed in 19 (95.0%) and 17 cases (85.0%), respectively. Increased vascularity was observed in 19 cases (95.0%). Conclusion This study revealed characteristic USG features of glomus tumors. USG is a helpful tool for the diagnosis and management of glomus tumors.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the infection rates of bacteria associated with dental caries among children and adolescents in Korea. Methods: Oral examinations were conducted in 146 students. The numbers of bacteria associated with dental caries, such as Streptococcus mitis , Streptococcus mutans , Streptococcus sobrinus , and Lactobacillus casei , in the subjects’ oral cavity were counted by real-time PCR, and infection rates for those bacteria were additionally investigated. Results: The infection rate of Streptococcus mitis , Streptococcus mutans , Streptococcus sobrinus , and Lactobacillus casei was 99.3% (145/146), 63.0% (92/146), 1.4% (2/146), and 25.3% (37/146), respectively. The amounts of Streptococcus sobrinus and Lactobacillus casei did not differ with the participants’ age. However, the number of Streptococcus mutans was 537.6 for primary school students, 5698.2 for middle school students, and 19037.5 for high school students. The mean number of oral bacteria increased with age (P<0.05). The mean bacterial numbers of the infected subjects indicated significant differences in the numbers of Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus mutans (P<0.05). Conclusions The infection rates of Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus mutans were distinct in children and adolescents. Efforts to control the bacteria associated with dental caries are needed to prevent dental caries.

Tendon and ligament (T/L) have been known to be obviously different from each other in tissue level. However, due to the overlapping gene markers, distinction in cellular level has not been clearly verified yet. Recently, the use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has shown the potential to detect biological markers in cellular level. Therefore, in this study we applied a non-invasive technique based on NMR spectroscopy to establish biomarkers to distinguish between T/L fibroblasts. In addition the cellular morphologies and gene expression patterns were also investigated for comparison through optical microscopy and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). No difference was observed from morphology and real-time PCR results, either as expected. However, we found clear differences in their metabolomic spectra using ¹H NMR spectroscopy. The calculated integral values of fatty acids (with chemical shifts at ~0.9, 1.26, 1.59, 2.05, 2.25, and 2.81 ppm), lactate (~1.33 ppm), and leucine (~2.72 ppm) were significantly different between the two types of fibroblasts. To be specific tendon group exhibited higher level of the metabolite than ligament group. In conclusion, in-cell metabolomic evaluation by NMR technique used in this study is believed to provide a promising tool in distinguishing cell types, especially T/L cells, which cannot be classified by conventional biological assays.
Biological Assay ; Biomarkers ; Fatty Acids ; Fibroblasts* ; Gene Expression ; Genes, Overlapping ; Lactic Acid ; Leucine ; Ligaments* ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy* ; Metabolomics ; Microscopy ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Spectrum Analysis* ; Tendons*